Traditional medicine has, since its inception, registered numerous examples of treatment resulting in positive or negative outcomes, depending on the patient. This observation was reinforced after the completion of the human genome sequencing project. As it turns out, individual humans exhibit genetic differences despite possessing the same genome. The identification of so-called single nucleotide polymorphisms confirms and explains the familiar phenomenon of variable reaction to treatment [1, 2]. Given that even siblings differ in terms of their chromosomal material, the genetic variability of the general human population should come as no surprise. Recent research has also revealed differences in the composition of gut bacterial flora resulting from diverse dietary habits [3]. In light of such specificities, the need for individual, personalized therapy becomes evident. Fortunately, many high-tech tools can be used in medical practice (Chapter 1). The most direct applications of personalized medicine involve individualized pharmacotherapy. Drugs designed to interact with a specific target may help improve therapeutic outcomes while remaining affordable, particularly in the presence of bioinformatic technologies. Identifying links between molecular chemistry and pathological processes is among the goals of system biology [4]. Access to computer software that simulates the complete proteome may help discover causal reactions-not just in the scope of a particular disease, but between seemingly unconnected processes occurring in the organism [4]. Harnessing the power of modern computers in an objective, dispassionate therapeutic process will enhance the capabilities of medical practitioners, for example, by offering access to vast databases of biological and medical knowledge (Chapter 2). Moreover, processing data with the use of artificial intelligence algorithms may lead to conclusions which a human would not otherwise be able to reach (Chapter 2). Closer collaboration between communication system experts and biologists should help identify promising research directions and explain the methods by which organisms-the most complex biological systems known to man-identify and process information (Chapter 3). Gaining insight into the molecular phenomena will help resolve some long-standing fundamental questions. Even before this happens, however, medical science can reap benefits by exploiting existing solutions and models (Chapter 4). Eliminating transplant rejection is of critical importance in individualized therapy. Three-dimensional bioprinting technologies represent an important milestone on this path (Chapter 5). They can be used to build arbitrarily complex objects, with local variations in the applied materials. An advanced printing environment may enable introduction of biological material (e.g., cells harvested from the patient for whom the implant is being created) directly at the printing stage (Chapter 5). Similarly, the shape of the printed tissue may accurately reflect the patient's needs, which
