Nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia: A preliminary study

Smith, Robert C.; Calderon, Marcos; Ravichandran, G; Largen, John W.; Vroulis, George; Shvartsburd, Alla; Gordon, Jack; Schoolar, Joseph C.

doi:10.1016/0165-1781(84)90013-1

Cited by 71 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Finally, extracted studies were hand searched for additional references. PubMed search dates were from 1984 (were the first MRI study was performed [37]) until June 2012. Only articles written in English were included.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volumetric Changes in the Basal Ganglia After Antipsychotic Monotherapy: A Systematic Review

Ebdrup

Norbak²,

Borgwardt³

et al. 2013

CMC

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction:Exposure to antipsychotic medication has been extensively associated with structural brain changes in the basal ganglia (BG). Traditionally antipsychotics have been divided into first and second generation antipsychotics (FGAs and SGAs) however, the validity of this classification has become increasingly controversial. To address if specific antipsychotics induce differential effects on BG volumes or whether volumetric effects are explained by FGA or SGA classification, we reviewed longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies investigating effects of antipsychotic monotherapy.Material and Methods:We systematically searched PubMed for longitudinal MRI studies of patients with schizophrenia or non-affective psychosis who had undergone a period of antipsychotic monotherapy. We used specific, predefined search terms and extracted studies were hand searched for additional studies.Results:We identified 13 studies published in the period from 1996 to 2011. Overall six compounds (two classified as FGAs and four as SGAs) have been investigated: haloperidol, zuclophentixol, risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, and quetiapine. The follow-up period ranged from 3-24 months.Unexpectedly, no studies found that specific FGAs induce significant BG volume increases. Conversely, both volumetric increases and decreases in the BG have been associated with SGA monotherapy.Discussion:Induction of striatal volume increases is not a specific feature of FGAs. Except for clozapine treatment in chronic patients, volume reductions are not restricted to specific SGAs.The current review adds brain structural support to the notion that antipsychotics should no longer be classified as either FGAs or SGAs. Future clinical MRI studies should strive to elucidate effects of specific antipsychotic drugs.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volumetric Changes in the Basal Ganglia After Antipsychotic Monotherapy: A Systematic Review

Ebdrup

Norbak²,

Borgwardt³

et al. 2013

CMC

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of schizophrenia, which began only in 1984 (Smith et al, 1984), have evolved from the use of 1-cm slices that did not cover the whole brain to 1.5-mm slices of the entire brain (for a review, see Shenton et al, 1997Shenton et al, , 2001McCarley et al, 1999). This improvement in spatial resolution was needed to analyze small brain changes between normal controls and schizophrenic patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amygdala–hippocampal shape differences in schizophrenia: the application of 3D shape models to volumetric MR data

Shenton

Gerig

McCarley

et al. 2002

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Evidence suggests that some structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental in origin. There is also growing evidence to suggest that shape deformations in brain structure may reflect abnormalities in neurodevelopment. While many magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies have investigated brain area and volume measures in schizophrenia, fewer have focused on shape deformations. In this MR study we used a 3D shape representation technique, based on spherical harmonic functions, to analyze left and right amygdala-hippocampus shapes in each of 15 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy controls matched for age, gender, handedness and parental socioeconomic status. Left/right asymmetry was also measured for both shape and volume differences. Additionally, shape and volume measurements were combined in a composite analysis. There were no differences between groups in overall volume or shape. Left/right amygdalahippocampal asymmetry, however, was significantly larger in patients than controls for both relative volume and shape. The local brain regions responsible for the left/right asymmetry differences in patients with schizophrenia were in the tail of the hippocampus (including both the inferior aspect adjacent to parahippocampal gyrus and the superior aspect adjacent to the lateral geniculate nucleus and more anteriorly to the cerebral peduncles) and in portions of the amygdala body (including the anterior-superior aspect adjacent to the basal nucleus). Also, in patients, increased volumetric asymmetry tended to be correlated with increased left/right shape asymmetry. Furthermore, a combined analysis of volume and shape asymmetry resulted in improved differentiation between groups. Classification function analyses correctly classified 70% of cases using volume, 73.3% using shape, and 87% using combined volume and shape measures. These findings suggest that shape provides important new information toward characterizing the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and that combining volume and shape measures provides improved group discrimination in studies investigating brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. An evaluation of shape deformations also suggests local abnormalities in the amygdala-hippocampal complex in schizophrenia.

show abstract

“…This capability is new with MRI studies (the first MRI study of schizophrenia was done by Smith et al 1984), and represents an important advance over CT studies which poorly visualize parenchyma and cannot differentiate gray and white matter. This gray-white differentiation is important for schizophrenia studies, since abnormal tissue classes (tumors, infarcted areas, etc.…”

Section: Structural Mri -What Can It Tell Us About Schizophrenia?mentioning

confidence: 99%

MRI anatomy of schizophrenia

McCarley

Wible

Frumin

et al. 1999

Biological Psychiatry

621

343

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data have provided much evidence in support of our current view that schizophrenia is a brain disorder with altered brain structure, and consequently involving more than a simple disturbance in neurotransmission. This review surveys 118 peerreviewed studies with control group from 1987 to May 1998. Most studies (81%) do not find abnormalities of whole brain/intracranial contents, while lateral ventricle enlargement is reported in 77%, and third ventricle enlargement in 67%. The temporal lobe was the brain parenchymal region with the most consistently documented abnormalities. Volume decreases were found in 62% of 37 studies of whole temporal lobe, and in 81% of 16 studies of the superior temporal gyrus (and in 100% with gray matter separately evaluated). Fully 77% of the 30 studies of the medial temporal lobe reported volume reduction in one or more of its constituent structures (hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus).Despite evidence for frontal lobe functional abnormalities, structural MRI investigations less consistently found abnormalities, with 55% describing volume reduction. It may be that frontal lobe volume changes are small, and near the threshold for MRI detection. The parietal and occipital lobes were much less studied; about half of the studies showed positive findings. Most studies of cortical gray matter (86%) found volume reductions were not diffuse, but more pronounced in certain areas. About two thirds of the studies of subcortical structures of thalamus, corpus callosum and basal ganglia (which tend to increase volume with typical neuroleptics), show positive findings, as do almost all (91%) studies of cavum septi pellucidi (CSP). Most data were consistent with a developmental model, but growing evidence was compatible also with progressive, neurodegenerative features, suggesting a "two-hit" model of schizophrenia, for which a cellular hypothesis is discussed. The relationship of clinical symptoms to MRI findings is reviewed, as is the growing evidence suggesting structural abnormalities differ in affective (bipolar) psychosis and schizophrenia.

show abstract

Nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia: A preliminary study

Cited by 71 publications

References 9 publications

Volumetric Changes in the Basal Ganglia After Antipsychotic Monotherapy: A Systematic Review

Volumetric Changes in the Basal Ganglia After Antipsychotic Monotherapy: A Systematic Review

Amygdala–hippocampal shape differences in schizophrenia: the application of 3D shape models to volumetric MR data

MRI anatomy of schizophrenia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About