“…IL-1β certainly activates inflammatory pathways and triggers the release of other inflammatory factors from various cell types, amplifying the inflammatory pathway signals and mediating the amplification of the inflammatory damage caused by pyroptosis. For example, it stimulated chondrocytes to synthesize IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 ( Guerne et al., 1990 ; Lotz et al., 1992 ; Xu et al., 2021 ), promoted the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells ( Giblin et al., 2021 ), and facilitated the secretion of IL-1a, IL-8, and IL-18 from fibroblast-like synoviocytes ( Kim et al., 2021 ). More importantly, IL-1β was evidenced to promote the secretion of C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 20 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 10 from HPDLSCs ( Long et al., 2001 ; Zhu et al., 2012 ; Hosokawa et al., 2015 ); IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-13, and TNF-α from HPDLFs ( Abidi et al., 2020 ); and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-6, and IL-8 from HGFs ( Ono et al., 2011 ).…”