Nuclear Endosperm Development in Cereals and Arabidopsis thaliana

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

“…Inbreds with larger mature kernel size (non-stiff stalk lines Ky21 and M162W) had slower endosperm growth through 6 DAP compared wheat, and Arabidopsis, which only cellularize through repeated alveolation ( Brown et al, 1999 ;Olsen, 2001Olsen, , 2004Brown and Lemmon, 2007 ).…”

“…Reviews and models of cereal endosperm development repeatedly describe cellularization as a repetitive two-step method of anticlinal wall growth and periclinal divisions (or alveolation) that proceeds in a centripetal manner, ultimately laying down cell fi les that completely close the central vacuole (e.g., Olsen, 2001Olsen, , 2004Brown and Lemmon, 2007 ;Sabelli and Larkins, 2009 ;Becraft and Gutierrez-Marcos, 2012 ;Olsen and Becraft, 2013 ). Barley endosperm becomes completely cellular after only 2-4 rounds of alveolation ( Bosnes et al, 1992 ;Olsen and Becraft, 2013 ).…”

“…The timing and pattern of these processes is different between the Arabidopsis and cereal model systems. Reviews of cereal endosperm development (e.g., Olsen et al, 1999 ;Olsen, 2001Olsen, , 2004Brown and Lemmon, 2007 ;Sabelli and Larkins, 2009 ;Becraft and Gutierrez-Marcos, 2012 ;Olsen and Becraft, 2013 ) often depict generalized developmental models that are largely based on comprehensive accounts of nuclei proliferation, microtubular networks, and phragmoplast or wall deposition in barley, rice, and wheat, with comparison to analogous observations in Arabidopsis (e.g., Mares et al, 1975Mares et al, , 1977Morrison and O'Brien, 1976 ;Fineran et al, 1982 ;Van Lammeren, 1988 ;Mansfi eld and Briarty, 1990 ;Bosnes et al, 1992 ;Brown et al, 1994Brown et al, , 1996aBrown et al, , b , 1997Brown et al, , 1999Brown et al, , 2003Olsen et al, 1995 ;Sørensen et al, 2002 ). Though these models and descriptions are often extended to all cereals, detailed cytological accounts of the coenocyte and cellularization stages of endosperm development in maize are generally much older and more limited ( Randolph, 1936 ;Kiesselbach, 1949 ;Monjardino et al, 2007 ).…”

The Differential Transcription Network between Embryo and Endosperm in the Early Developing Maize Seed

“…The shoot apical meristem and the root apical meristem can be distinguished at the onset of the coleoptile stage, and then the position of the future coleoptile is marked by a small protuberance. The mature embryo is composed of the embryo axis, which is formed by the plumule with five or six short internodes, and leaf primordia and primary root surrounded by the coleoptile and the coleorhiza, respectively, and the scutellum (Randolph, 1936;Abbe and Stein, 1954;Diboll, 1968;Lammeren, 1986;Vernoud et al, 2005).Maize endosperm follows the nucleus-type endosperm development, where the fertilized central cell undergoes several rounds of synchronous division in the absence of cell wall formation and cytokinesis to produce a syncytium (Lopes and Larkins, 1993;Olsen, 2004). Cellularization allows the formation of the internuclear radial microtubule systems and open-ended alveolation from the periphery of the endosperm toward the central vacuole (Olsen et al, 1999;Olsen, 2004).…”

Embryogenesis: Pattern Formation from a Single Cell

“…This double fertilization event initiates the development of two intimately interconnected multicellular structures, the embryo and the endosperm, which are derived from the zygote and the fertilized central cell, respectively. The complex development of the endosperm is described in several informative reviews (Brown et al, 1999;Berger, 2003;Olsen, 2004).…”