Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications

Lieser, Κ. H.

doi:10.1002/9783527612895

Cited by 42 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…It, via β decay, passes to an excited state of 198 Hg and then passes to the ground state emitting gamma radiation (411.8 keV for the more probable 198 Hg excited state). 13 On the other hand, the nuclear reaction 197 Au (n,n ,γ ) 197m Au presents an activation cross section of about 800 mb for fast neutrons (around 2.5 MeV) and a half-life of 7.8 s for 197m Au. The very short half-life of 197m Au and a good activation cross section make the measurement, using fast neutron activation, quick and accurate; it is an important consideration for diagnosis of a large sample, where it is important to reduce the trial time, for commercial viability of this technique.…”

Section: Application Of a Dpf To The Nuclear Activation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small plasma focus as neutron pulsed source for nuclides identification

Milanese

Niedbalski

Moroso

et al. 2013

Review of Scientific Instruments

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In this paper, we present preliminary results on the feasibility of employing a low energy (2 kJ, 31 kV) plasma focus device as a portable source of pulsed neutron beams (2.45 MeV) generated by nuclear fusion reactions D-D, for the "in situ" analysis of substances by nuclear activation. This source has the relevant advantage of being pulsed at requirement, transportable, not permanently radioactive, without radioactive waste, cheap, among others. We prove the feasibility of using this source showing several spectra of the characteristic emission line for manganese, gold, lead, and silver. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx

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Section: Application Of a Dpf To The Nuclear Activation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small plasma focus as neutron pulsed source for nuclides identification

Milanese

Niedbalski

Moroso

et al. 2013

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…Oxides have been commonly employed because they are more stable under atmospheric conditions; however, they are difficult to fabricate. Actinide elements can exist in many oxidation states [4], therefore the atmosphere and temperature control during fabrication is crucial for creating stable oxide compounds [5,6]. Incorrect atmosphere or temperature control during synthesis can result in an oxide compound that is not homogeneously oxidised and/or will not remain at that oxidation state when removed from the glove box atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bjorklund [10] created monoclinic PuPO 4 via the precipitation and high temperature dehydration of hexagonal PuPO 4 (0.5 H 2 O), and Jardin et al [11] prepared PuPO 4 by sol-gel reaction starting with a Pu (+4) solution that was mixed with (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 to create PuP 2 O 7 . This compound was then reduced with H 2 to create PuPO 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterisation of PuPO₄ - a potential analytical standard for EPMA actinide quantification

Wright

Popa

Pöml

2018

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Abstract. Transmutation nuclear fuels contain weight percentage quantities of actinide elements, including Pu, Am and Np. Because of the complex spectra presented by actinide elements using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), it is necessary to have relatively pure actinide element standards to facilitate overlap correction and accurate quantitation. Synthesis of actinide oxide standards is complicated by their multiple oxidation states, which can result in inhomogeneous standards or standards that are not stable at atmospheric conditions. Synthesis of PuPO 4 results in a specimen that exhibits stable oxidation-reduction chemistry and is sufficiently homogenous to serve as an EPMA standard. This approach shows promise as a method for producing viable actinide standards for microanalysis. IntroductionNuclear fuels are being developed for next-generation nuclear reactors (GEN-IV) that have the ability to burn Pu, Am, and Np from spent nuclear fuels. Upon irradiation, these so-called transmutation fuels convert long-lived minor actinide elements (MA) to shorter-lived fission products, thereby decreasing the radiotoxicity and heat load of spent nuclear fuel.The thermodynamic behaviour of MA is unlike that of uranium in conventional nuclear fuels. Moreover there is much greater variation in the chemical and isotopic composition of transmutation fuels, such that they cannot be considered to be a simple extension of extant fuels [1].Because of these features, considerable research and development is required for both fabrication and analysis of transmutation fuels. Integral to the fabrication and analysis of irradiated fuel is electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). This technique has been used since at least 1961 [2] for the analysis of nuclear fuels because wavelength dispersive spectrometers permit better separation of complex peaks, such as those exhibited by the actinide metals group, than is possible with energy dispersive detectors.Reference materials are necessary to calibrate the instrument in order to obtain an accurate MA measurement. While some progress has been made with regard to creating models for standardless analysis [3], such efforts are still in their infancy. Therefore, nuclear fuels researchers still rely on the use of physical standards for the analysis of MA. Unfortunately, fabrication and use of such standards is fraught with difficulty. All fabrication and polishing must be done in special nuclear-grade facilities. Such facilities typically include glove boxes with prescribed atmospheres, and remote handling tools. Metal specimens are relatively easy to handle, but when exposed to oxygen, will oxidise very rapidly.

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“…2 Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen and has a half-life of 12.3 years. It decays to 3 He by emitting low-energy beta radiation with an average energy of 5.7 keV and a maximum energy of 18.6 keV. 3,4 In general the amount of tritium present in a sample is measured by three methods: the sample oxidizer method, 5 the bomb oxidation method, 6 and the wet oxidation method.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It decays to 3 He by emitting low-energy beta radiation with an average energy of 5.7 keV and a maximum energy of 18.6 keV. 3,4 In general the amount of tritium present in a sample is measured by three methods: the sample oxidizer method, 5 the bomb oxidation method, 6 and the wet oxidation method. 7 The sample oxidizer method has been used commercially for the separation of tritium by igniting the sample for a short period of time, i.e.…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of Tritium Content in Radioisotope Wastes by a Wet Oxidation Method

Lee¹,

Yang²,

Jee³

et al. 2009

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications

Cited by 42 publications

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Small plasma focus as neutron pulsed source for nuclides identification

Small plasma focus as neutron pulsed source for nuclides identification

Synthesis and characterisation of PuPO₄ - a potential analytical standard for EPMA actinide quantification

Determination of Tritium Content in Radioisotope Wastes by a Wet Oxidation Method

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Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications

Cited by 42 publications

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Small plasma focus as neutron pulsed source for nuclides identification

Small plasma focus as neutron pulsed source for nuclides identification

Synthesis and characterisation of PuPO4 - a potential analytical standard for EPMA actinide quantification

Determination of Tritium Content in Radioisotope Wastes by a Wet Oxidation Method

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Synthesis and characterisation of PuPO₄ - a potential analytical standard for EPMA actinide quantification