NTP versus PTP in Com puter Networks Clock Synchronization

Abstract

Ksurf. 0 = le-6 Ksurf. E = 0; vacan silicon/gas Ksurf. 0 = le-6 Ksurf. E = 0. We have set the value of the recombination constant, not applicable to FINDPRO, Eq.[15]: inter silicon Kr. 0 = le-12 Kr. E = 0; vacan silicon Kr. 0 = le-12 Kr. E = 0. In fitting the data for Fig. 1, the only fitting parameters have been/(i, ~p, Dl~ and the electrically active portion of the total P which we have taken to saturate at 2.5 x 1020 cm-3. We set the solubility of P in SUPREM-IV above this phos ss. temp = 874 ss. conc = le21 We set the transfer coefficient for P from the gas to Si at a high value phos silicon/gas Trn. 0 = le3 Trn. E = 0 Finally, we eliminated the traps from SUPREM-IV trap silicon total = 0 frac. 0 = 0 In both programs the 1-D mesh was set to extend at least to 60 microns, a point at which, for these parameters, I did not increase from its initial equilibrium value I0.

A Survey of Clock Synchronization Over Packet-Switched Networks

“…The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is one of the oldest communications protocols used in the Internet [50]- [52], in operation since before 1985. The current version, NTP version 4, is formalized in IETF RFCs 5905-5908 and provides protocol and algorithm specification, public key authentication, and data exchange format.…”

“…6. One or several NTP servers usually have a reliable time source such as from a GNSS or via an atomic clock [50], [52]. This kind of architecture hierarchy is scalable, thus explaining the wide deployment of NTP.…”

“…NTP is cost-effective as it does not require any specific hardware and scalable due to its hierarchy structure, and capable of long term accuracy to the order of few milliseconds (msecs) [14], [50], [52]. The primary drawbacks compared to using a GNSS or atomic clock at every node solution is the extra communications overhead added for the request-response messages and the limited level of accuracy.…”

Synchronize your watches: Part I: General-purpose solutions for distributed real-time control

“…If nodes are connected through a WAN, instead, the synchronization quality is significantly lower. In this case, accuracy can range from few tens [25] to hundreds milliseconds [26].…”

Spectrum sensing on emergency radio spectrum management system

“…One method is to utilize the Global Positioning System (GPS), but this would require the installation of GPS receiver hardware on each node. From an implementation point of view, a simpler method would be network-based clock synchronization, and one example is the Network Time Protocol (NTP), which is already widely used in computers nowadays [9].…”