NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of butyl benzyl phthalate

Kavlock, Robert J.; Boekelheide, Kim; Chapin, Robert E.; Cunningham, Michael L.; Faustman, Elaine M.; Foster, Paul M.D.; Golub, Mari S.; Henderson, Rogene F.; Hinberg, Irwin; Little, Ruth E.; Seed, Jennifer; Shea, Katherine M.; Tabacova, Sonia; Tyl, Rochelle W.; Williams, Paige L.; Zacharewski, Timothy R.

doi:10.1016/s0890-6238(02)00029-1

Cited by 100 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Humans and wildlife populations are continuously exposed to EDCs, which are constantly discharged into the atmosphere and natural aquatic bodies (Kavlock et al, 2002). The PEs' mode of action, is not well understood, and may likely be dependent on developmental timing and dosing regimes (Akingbemi et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects on steroidogenesis and histopathology of adult male Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) testis following pre-pubertal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP)

Bello

Madekurozwa

Groenewald

et al. 2014

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology &

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Keywords:Di-(n-butyl) phthalate Leydig cell Steroidogenesis Male Japanese quails Endocrine disruptionIn the present study, we have investigated the effects of 30-day dietary (pre-pubertal) exposure to different doses (0 (control), 1, 10, 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg bodyweight/day) of di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) on Leydig cells of adult male Japanese quails by quantifying the transcript levels for P450 side-chain cleavage (p450scc), P450c17 (CYP17), and 3β-and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (hsd) using quantitative (real-time) poly-merase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, the plasma testosterone levels were analysed using radioimmuno-assay (RIA) and testis was examined for evidence of gross pathology and histopathology. Our data showed that pre-pubertal exposure to DBP produced alterations in testicular architecture as evident by poorly developed or misshaped testis, and altered spermatogenesis due to tubular degeneration and atrophy of seminiferous tubules especially in the high DBP dose (200 and 400 mg/ kg) treated groups. In addition, DBP altered several key en-zymes involved in testicular steroidogenesis pathways in an apparent dose-dependent manner. For example, bi-phasic effects of DBP were observed for P450scc and 3β-hsd mRNA, that were generally increasing at low dose 10 mg/kg, and thereafter, an apparent dose-dependent decrease between 50 and 400 mg/kg. The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein was at the lowest detectable limits and therefore not quantifiable. These effects did not parallel the non-significant changes observed for plasma testosterone levels. The present data is consis-tent with previous reports showing that DBP modulates Leydig cell steroidogenesis in several species, with a po-tential negative effect on reproduction in those avian species that are vulnerable to endocrine disrupting chemicals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects on steroidogenesis and histopathology of adult male Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) testis following pre-pubertal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP)

Bello

Madekurozwa

Groenewald

et al. 2014

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology &

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“…Several PAEs are considered as hazardous pollutants due to their mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and are also classified as Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs) [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodegradation of selected phthalates on mural painting surfaces under UV light irradiation

Barreca

Indelicato

Orecchio

et al. 2014

Microchemical Journal

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The esters of phthalic acid are considered as hazardous pollutants due to their mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and are also classified as endocrine disruptor chemicals. Several compounds of this class of substances for decades, and probably even now, were used as softeners in water-based synthetic paintings. Surfaces and structures, such as house walls painted with phthalates based paintings, can be a concern to construction workers engaged in demolition, restore and paint removal activities if they are not protected from hazardous dust inhalation. In this paper we report the results of an investigation about phthalate ester degradation by direct UV irradiation at 254 nm. The results of kinetic parameters for PAE photodegradation are reported and it shows that k values for the single PAEs ranged from 0.221 to 0.737 h −1 . Moreover, the results indicate that photolysis is a successful way to remediate PEAs contaminated on mural painting.

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“…This might indicate damage to the organs that participate in the detoxification of this compound. After mammals are exposed to phthalates, a range of pathological responses are observed in the liver, pancreas, kidneys and spleen (reviewed by Kavlock et al, 2002), which, in the case of fish, might signal not only a disruption in metabolic but also in haematopoietic and immune processes. Exposing pikeperch to BBP during the period when their bodies are most sensitive to steroids, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the authors have demonstrated that studies per os might also prove more applicable when studying the impact of phthalates on the reproductive systems of fish than immersion studies, since the former disallow the detoxification of these compounds on fish gills (Barron et al, 1989). , while the first visible changes in the reproductive system of these rodents were not noted until a dose of 1000 mg kg -1 bw d -1 (reviewed by Kavlock et al, 2002). The present study indicated that BBP can potentially disrupt endocrine system function in fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of butyl benzyl phthalate on development of the reproductive system of European pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.)

Jarmołowicz

Demska‐Zakęś

Zakęś

2014

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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The effect of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) on the sex differentiation process of fish is practically unknown. The experimental material of this study was juvenile European pikeperch [Sander lucioperca (L.)], which is gonochoristic, undergoes immediate sex differentiation, and has a fixed gonad differentiation period. The fish were fed a diet supplemented with BBP (during the sex differentiation phase: age 61-96 days post hatch) in the following quantities: 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 8.0; 16.0 g BBP kg -1 feed. The control feed was a xenobiotic-free base feed. In the present experiment lasting 10 weeks, the survival and growth of fish, the histopathological changes of the fish gonads and the sex ratio were evaluated. After administration of the two highest doses of BBP, growth inhibition of the fish was observed. BBP also seriously disturbed the gonadal differentiation process of pikeperch. All analysed concentrations of BBP delayed testicular development and, at concentrations of 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0 g BBP kg -1 , induction of the feminisation process was observed. The sex ratio was distinctly disrupted in groups receiving 8.0 and 16.0 g BBP kg -1 .

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NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of butyl benzyl phthalate

Cited by 100 publications

References 38 publications

The effects on steroidogenesis and histopathology of adult male Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) testis following pre-pubertal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP)

The effects on steroidogenesis and histopathology of adult male Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) testis following pre-pubertal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP)

Photodegradation of selected phthalates on mural painting surfaces under UV light irradiation

Impact of butyl benzyl phthalate on development of the reproductive system of European pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.)

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