Noxious Stimulation Attenuates Ketamine-induced Neuroapoptosis in the Developing Rat Brain

Abstract

The administration of ketamine with concurrent noxious stimulation results in the attenuation of the neuroapoptotic response. These findings suggest that concurrent surgery and procedural pain attenuates ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis.

Anesthesia and Apoptosis in the Developing Brain: An Update

“…Lastly, most experiments that were conducted in newborn rodents were not performed during a surgical stimulation or in the presence of inflammation. Some studies have reported no effect of surgical stimulation on apoptosis in the rodent model [13 • ], whereas others found that it attenuated the response [32]. This issue remains unresolved.…”

Propofol causes neuronal degeneration in neonatal mice and long-term neurocognitive consequences in adult mice

“…Several anesthetics, including ketamine, midazolam, isoflurane, and propofol, have been reported to cause neurodegeneration in the developing brain and subsequent cognitive dysfunction in several animal models [2][3][4][5][6][7]10]. Propofol has also been reported to cause neuroapoptosis in the developing brain at clinically relevant concentrations and durations, leading to neurocognitive dysfunction [24,25].…”

“…The administration of anesthetics and sedative agents in rodents during synaptogenesis has been shown to have marked degenerative effects [2][3][4][5][6][7] associated with long-term neurocognitive deficits. The present study demonstrates that propofol caused cellular degeneration and led to long-term neuronal deficits in adulthood.…”

“…These anesthetics act mainly by blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and/or enhancing γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors at various rates [1]. These anesthetic agents have been shown to cause extensive neuronal apoptosis, and neuronal degenerative and morphological changes in neonatal rodents, and subsequent abnormalities in learning and behavior in adults [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Propofol (chemically, sodium thiopental, or Pentothal) is a commonly used substance for the induction of anesthesia, with more rapid recovery than other anesthetics.…”

Stanowisko Sekcji Pediatrycznej Polskiego Towarzystwa Anestezjologii i Intensywnej Terapii w sprawie znieczulenia ogólnego dzieci do 3. roku życia

“…Because the results of tests regarding the possible neurotoxic effects of the drugs used for general anaesthesia are inconsistent or inexplicit, great caution is recommended when qualifying the youngest children (www.SmartTots.org) for surgeries/scheduled procedures under general anaesthesia that could be performed at older ages without detriment to the patient's health [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”