“…The success of recent AIs in games such as Go, Chess, Minecraft, and Monopoly ( Silver et al, 2017 ; Goecks et al, 2021b ; Haliem et al, 2021 ) are based on games with complete knowledge of the existing state of the world (i.e., “open” games), whereas wargaming typically includes incomplete (e.g., Starcraft), uncertain, and/or deceptive information about the operational environment ( Vinyals et al, 2019 ). Uncertainty can also arise from changing physics or other environmental rules, as has been explored with Angry Birds ( Gamage et al, 2021 ). The lack of knowledge makes it difficult for AI agents to calculate the risk-reward profiles of future actions, due to the uncertainty in the state of the world, state of the different actors, and the effects of the actions taken ( Cassenti and Kaplan, 2021 ).…”