“…A recent genome-wide association study of family size and birth rates among 269 men evaluating ~250,000 SNPs revealed 41 SNPs with strong association to infertility and nine SNPs related to reduced sperm quality and function (61). The study implicated the genes USP8, UBD, EPSTI1 , and LRRC32 in male infertility, highlighting potential biomarkers (61). Other genes with SNPs associated in male fertility include: PDE3A, EFCAB4B, COBL, ATP8A1, MASP1, PROK2 (62), AHRR (46, 47), MTHFR (58–60) and UBE2B , a homolog of the DNA repair gene rad6 in mice, which results in male infertility when knocked out (61).…”