Novel Trends into the Development of Natural Hydroxyapatite-Based Polymeric Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

In recent years, the number of people needing bone replacements for the treatment of defects caused by chronic diseases or accidents has continuously increased. To solve these problems, tissue engineering has gained significant attention in the biomedical field, by focusing on the development of suitable materials that improve osseointegration and biologic activity. In this direction, the development of an ideal material that provides good osseointegration, increased antimicrobial activity and preserves good mechanical properties has been the main challenge. Currently, bone tissue engineering focuses on the development of materials with tailorable properties, by combining polymers and ceramics to meet the necessary complex requirements. This study presents the main polymers applied in tissue engineering, considering their advantages and drawbacks. Considering the potential disadvantages of polymers, improving the applicability of the material and the combination with a ceramic material is the optimum pathway to increase the mechanical stability and mineralization process. Thus, ceramic materials obtained from natural sources (e.g., hydroxyapatite) are preferred to improve bioactivity, due to their similarity to the native hydroxyapatite found in the composition of human bone.

Worldwide trends on hydroxyapatite from animal waste for biomedical applications – a bibliometric analysis (2012-2022)

“…The green node consists of topics related to hydroxyapatite, biocompatibility and biodegradable. The main factors that influence the effectiveness of tissue regeneration are biocompatibility and biodegradability of hydroxyapatite with the surrounding cells [36][37][38][39]. The brown node stands for biomedical applications, composites, and 6 apatite.…”

“…Due to the shortage of donors worldwide [6] and the threat of infection [7], autograft and allograft are not practical options for bone substitutes. Abundantly available and environmentally friendly hydroxyapatite has biological similarities to bone tissue [8][9][10][11], making it an attractive option for hard tissue engineering and biomedical engineering research [12]. Waste from animals, for instance mammalian bone [13][14][15], fish bones and scales [16][17][18], and shells [19][20][21], can be used to extract hydroxyapatite and develop artificial bone substitutes.…”

3D printed poly(lactic acid)-based nanocomposite scaffolds with bioactive coatings for tissue engineering applications

“…These coatings provide the scaffold with bioactivity and roughness that improves cell growth [26][27][28]. Some of the most common bioceramics used to coat scaffolds are bioglasses, tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP) and HA [9,14,15,20,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35], due to their bioactivity and ability to enhance osteoinduction and osteoconduction, as well as their similarities to the mineral phase of natural bone tissues.…”

Biomimetic ion substituted and Co-substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticle synthesis using Serratia Marcescens

“…This comes as a consequence of coarser grain sized HA as opposed to nano HA, restricting its utilization in non-load bearing applications. Despite, excellent conductivity and biocompatibility, such limitations of low toughness and brittleness contributes to unreliability 2 . Currently, clinical and experimental research revolves around developing bioceramics characterized by biomimicry approaches to overcome such limitations and enhance biological performance as well.…”