Novel Therapeutics for Diabetes: Uptake, Usage Trends, and Comparative Effectiveness

Abstract

The number of available therapies for treating type 2 diabetes has grown considerably in recent years. This growth has been fueled by availability of newer medications, whose benefits and risks have not been fully established. In this study, we review and synthesize the existing literature on the uptake, efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of novel antidiabetic agents. Specifically, we focus on three drug classes that were introduced in the market recently: thiazolidinediones (TZDs), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Not surprisingly, we find that the usage trends reflect the efficacy and safety profile of these novel drugs. The use of TZDs increased initially but decreased after a black-box warning was issued for rosiglitazone in 2007 that highlighted the cardiovascular risks associated with using the drug. Conversely, DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists gained market shares due to their efficacy in glycemic control as an add-on treatment to metformin. DPP-4 inhibitors were the most commonly prescribed agents among the three novel drug classes, likely because they are relatively less expensive, have better safety profile, are administered orally, and are weight neutral. Sitagliptin was the most preferred DPP-4 inhibitor. The level of evidence on the comparative effectiveness, safety, and cost implications of using novel antidiabetic agents remains low and further studies with long-term follow-ups are needed.

Effectiveness and Safety of Sitagliptin in Patients with Beta-thalassaemia Major and Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Series

“…Whilst previous studies have reported sitagliptin to be weight neutral in patients with DM, a mixed response was recorded in our cohort 10. Two patient maintained stable weight, one achieved reduction and two others had weight gain.…”

Cost-effectiveness of vildagliptin for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Brazil; findings and implications

“…Long-term evidence on clinical outcomes, safety and economic implications of new antidiabetic drugs are limited in the literature. Such evidence is even more limited on the direct comparison between medicines not grouped by pharmacological class [55]. Budgetary and logistical impact assessments will also aid decision making.…”

Dose-Dependent Relationship Between Metformin and Colorectal Cancer Occurrence Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes—A Nationwide Cohort Study

“…Observational epidemiological studies have suggested that some anti-hyperglycemic agents could affect cancer risk [3] , [6] . Patients with DM treated with sulphonylureas or insulin had a higher risk of CRC than other patients, whereas metformin use may be beneficial in primary prevention of CRC [3] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] .…”

“…Observational epidemiological studies have suggested that some anti-hyperglycemic agents could affect cancer risk [3] , [6] . Patients with DM treated with sulphonylureas or insulin had a higher risk of CRC than other patients, whereas metformin use may be beneficial in primary prevention of CRC [3] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] . The dose-dependent relationship between metformin and CRC has been reported [9] , [10] , [11] ; however, long-term epidemiological observations between metformin and CRC are rarely reported.…”