Novel Studies about the Electrooxidation of a Deoxynivalenol (DON) Mycotoxin Reduction Product Adsorbed on Glassy Carbon and Carbon Paste Electrodes

Abstract

A novel and fast square-wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetric procedure on glassy carbon and carbon paste electrodes is described for the indirect trace quantitation of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin that frequently contaminates soya and foodstuff. The in situ homogeneous reduction of the toxin by product/s of dissolved oxygen electroreduction in pH 8 buffer solution makes the quantitation of DON possible through a simple electroanalytical technique. Moreover, its potential use for the analysis of real samples was demonstrated using a soya flour sample spiked with DON without previous separating procedures. The DON detection limits were 3.6 and about 6 ppb from standard solutions and soya flour matrix, respectively.

Square Wave Voltammetry: An Alternative Technique to Determinate Piroxicam Release Profiles from Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

“…As a result, many studies have been reported, which use these electrodes in different EC systems (e.g. electroanalysis, biosensing, and electro‐catalysis). To the best of our knowledge, no studies have reported the use of EC techniques in drug delivery systems.…”

Application on Gold Nanoparticles-Dotted 4-Nitrophenylazo Graphene in a Label-Free Impedimetric Deoxynivalenol Immunosensor

“…The analytical methods reported for the determination of DON include PCR, GC, GC-MS, HPLC, thin-layer chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [ 10 – 16 ]. Some of these methods allow good accuracy of quantification and good detection limits, but they are not cost effective; some suffer from low selectivity and usually require significant amounts of time associated with labour-intensive sample cleanup, sophisticated instrumentation, skilled operators or technical expertise.…”

Rapid and Easy Detection of Deoxynivalenol on a Bismuth Oxide Screen‐printed Electrode

“…The obtained LOD for DON is similar or better than those published for a stripping adsorptive square‐wave voltammetric method on glassy carbon (41 μg L −1 , 1.4×10 −7 mol L −1 ) or carbon paste (3.6 μg L −1 , 1.2×10 −8 mol L −1 ) electrodes and polarographic methods (8.6 μg L −1 , 2.9×10 −8 mol L −1 ) . The reported LOD values for DON determination methods based on hydrolysis procedures prior to the electrochemical measurement, by square‐wave voltammetry (2.7 mg L −1 , 9.1×10 −6 mol L −1 ) or differential pulse voltammetry using 96‐well screen‐printed microplates (1.1 mg L −1 , 3.7×10 −6 mol L −1 ) , are worse than the LOD value for the method proposed in the present paper.…”

“…Therefore, regardless the characteristics of the techniques and methods employed, extraction and clean‐up steps are usually required. For this reason, more or less laborious clean‐up methods are employed in all published electroanalytical methods for DON determination in real samples. We have explored the applicability of the developed method for the determination of DON in rice samples.…”

“…Other electrochemical method reported for DON analysis is based on a previous hydrolytic reaction at high temperature (80 °C) for 1 hour and subsequent measurement by square wave voltammetry using a glassy carbon electrode . Most recently, a square wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetric method on glassy carbon and carbon paste electrodes has been published for the indirect determination of DON . A 96‐well screen‐printed microplate, with working graphite electrodes has been proposed for detection of DON, but in this work, a hydrolysis procedure is employed, in a microwave digestion system, for the production of electroactive compounds previous to the measurement by Intermittent Pulse Amperometry .…”