Novel simple method for quantitation of nitrogen compounds in middle distillates using solid phase extraction and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Trace Analysis of Carbazole in Commercial Diesel by using Adsorption on Activated Biochar from Rice Husk Pyrolysis

“…To overcome the problems of having a low concentration of nitrogen compounds in diesel, it was vital perform a previous enrichment step. Several approaches have been proposed for the speciation of nitrogen in diesel, and a lot of methods for their isolation are reported in the literature [34,35,[49][50][51][52].However, these methods generally comprise a combination of several analytical steps and use different laborious techniques, such as liquid-liquid extraction [51,52], solid-phase extraction [49,50], ion-exchange chromatography [34,35], and others [53]to concentrate and isolate the nitrogen compounds in diesel. The liquid-liquid extraction methods are complex and may cause the significant loss particular types of nitrogen compounds, such as the more neutral species, due to their lower extraction selectivity.…”

“…Indeed, owing to a higher resolution power and an enhanced sensitivity [35], comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography offers unsurpassed possibilities for the characterization of nitrogen compounds in diesel. Several studies have employed GC×GC for the analysis of nitrogen compounds using specific detectors [35,[50][51][52]. However, the use of one selective detector needs a preliminary and not exhaustive activity of assignment of the peaks on the basis on retention times of specific standard solutions or with the help of complementary analyses in the presence of mass spectrometer detector for analysis of the real sample.…”

Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography and Its Application to the Investigation of Pyrolytic Liquids

“…Burchill et al used nitrogen and phosphorus detector (NPD) for the analysis of NPAC in coal tar products [49,113]. The hyphenation of GC × GC with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection (GC × GC-NCD) has been reported to achieve the identification of various N-compounds in diesel fuel [114][115][116], while NPD was employed for the analysis of N-containing compounds in heavy gas oil [30]. To date, the use of GC × GC with selective detector for the analysis of nitrogenous compounds in coal tar has not been reported.…”

“…Chromatographic separation of basic N-compounds is still also a challenge because pyridines, anilines, quinolines and acridines overlap in the first dimension [116]. Therefore, a preliminary fractionation of hydrocarbons, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur compounds must be performed in order to provide greater sensitivity and resolution, whenever one-dimensional techniques are employed.…”

Inlet backflushing device for the improvement of comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatographic separations

“…GC × GC is considered an established separation technique and for the last decade focus has shifted away from the development of modulation technology to applying the technique to an ever increasing number of analytical challenges. Fields in which GC × GC applications are popular include petroleum and petrochemicals [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]; food, flavours and fragrances [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]; metabolomics [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] and environmental analysis [43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. Although GC × GC has never been more widespread, there are some applications that remain challenging for a chromatographer to perfect.…”