Novel Self-assembly Pd(II)-Schiff Base Complex Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Detection of Paracetamol

Abstract

A self-assembly Pd-Schiff base complex was synthesized and used as an electrochemical sensor in phosphate buffer solution, where it enhanced the electrocatalytic activity toward the paracetamol detection. The Schiff base {(HL) = (4-(((Z)-3-(hydroxyimino) butan-2-ylidene) amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one)} was selected to prepare Pd-based complexes due to its high antimicrobial activity. A linear calibration curve was constructed using GC/Pd-SB in paracetamol concentration range of 1–50 μM and its detection limit was calculated as 0.067 μM. The modified electrode, GC/Pd-SB, could successfully determine the paracetamol concentration in human blood serum and commercial drug tablets with high sensitivity. The prepared metal complex was characterized using techniques, namely, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, electrochemical studies were performed using different electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). DFT calculations were used to estimate the equilibrium geometry, molecular orbital, ground-state properties, and interaction energy between paracetamol and palladium. Graphical Abstract

Synergistic effect of gold nanoparticles anchored on conductive carbon black as an efficient electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of anti-COVID-19 drug Favipiravir in absence and presence of co-administered drug Paracetamol

“… Analyte Electrode LDR / μM LOD / nM Ref. FVP CPT-BDD/GCE 0.064 – 130 18.0 [10] MnO 2 -rGO SPE 0.01 – 55 9.0 [11] DNPs/CPE 0.02 – 1.0 4.83 [12] GC/MWCNTs + ILCs 0.9 – 150 16.0 [13] Pt@rGO/GCE 3.16 – 100 2460 [14] PCT AuNPs/ MWCNT/GCE 0.09 – 35 30 [39] PEDOT/GO/GCE 10 – 60 570 [40] Pt/NDG 0.05 – 90 8.0 [41] GCE/Pd-SB 1.0 – 50 67 [42] γ-Fe 2 O 3 /CNTs 2.5 − 385 46 [43] ZnO/FMWCNT/CPE 0.5 – 13 23 [44] FVP Au@CCB/GNFPE 0.03 – 77.3 8.1 This work FVP and PCT Au@CCB/GNFPE FVP: 0.03 – 75PCT: 0.05 – 50 7.54.3 Note: LOD (limit of detection) LDR (linear dynamic range), GCE (glassy carbon electrode), PEDOT (poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene), GO (graphene oxide), Pt (platinum), NDG (nitrogen doped graphene), Pd-SB (Pd-Schiff base), CPT-BDD GCE (cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond glassy carbon electrodes), MnO 2 -rGO SPE (MnO 2 -reduced graphene oxide screen-printing electrodes), DNPs/CPE (diamond nanoparticles/carbon paste electrode), GC/MWCNTs+ILCs (glassy carbon / carbon nanotubes-ioni...…”

“…The sensitivity of the sensing electrode toward the determination of PCT and FVP was observed to be 11.8 and 6.8 μ A μ M -1 cm -2 , respectively. The performance of the Au@CCB/GNFPE sensor in comparison with other published platforms for the detection of PCT [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] and FVP is shown in Table 3 . The proposed sensor exhibited a broad linear range and lower detection limits for both the antiviral drug FVP and the co-administered drug PCT when compared with previously reported values.…”

Experimental and theoretical studies for corrosion of molybdenum electrode using streptomycin drug in phosphoric acid medium

“…This ensures its well absorbability. The Molecular volume (MV) determined as 460 cm 3 /mol and molecular surface area is 557 cm 2 . This means that the area is large enough for the inhibitor to cover the metal surface.…”

“…Additionally, a computational chemistry approach was used to investigate how streptomycin adsorbs and inhibits corrosion at the interface of metal surfaces, and the outcomes of the computational studies are in excellent accord with the experimental findings.Recently, studying the deterioration of the metals and alloys is considered an essential process of different approaches. Whereas, metals and alloys are widely used as electrodes in various applications like fuel cells, sensors, solar cells, and batteries [1][2][3][4][5] . Addition of Molybdenum to Cr-Ni stainless steels affects their properties in many aspects [6][7][8][9] .…”

“…Recently, studying the deterioration of the metals and alloys is considered an essential process of different approaches. Whereas, metals and alloys are widely used as electrodes in various applications like fuel cells, sensors, solar cells, and batteries [1][2][3][4][5] . Addition of Molybdenum to Cr-Ni stainless steels affects their properties in many aspects [6][7][8][9] .…”