Novel salivary gland allergens from tropical mosquito species and IgE reactivity in allergic patients

Opasawatchai, Anunya; Yolwong, Watchareewan; Thuncharoen, Walairat; Inrueangsri, Nanthicha; Itsaradisaikul, Sulak; Sasisakulporn, Cherapat; Jotikasthira, Wanlapa; Matangkasombut, Oranart; Reamtong, Onrapak; Manuyakorn, Wiparat; Songnuan, Wisuwat; Matangkasombut, Ponpan

doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100099

Cited by 15 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Aed a 4 is a 67 kDa α-glucosidase. About 36-46% of mosquito allergic individuals react against this allergen (19,54).…”

Section: Group 3 and 4 Mosquito Allergensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This finding is similar in other tropical countries where high occurrence of mosquitoes and HDMs results in high prevalence of allergic sensitization ( 18 ). The observations open questions about the magnitude of the clinical impact produced by sensitization to mosquitoes and postulate the need for developing diagnostic tests to properly identify individuals with mosquito allergy ( 19 ). In this context, the comparison of mosquito prevalence and the frequency of sensitization to their allergens in tropical and other regions around the world should be further addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mosquitoes: Important Sources of Allergens in the Tropics

Cantillo

Puerta

2021

Front. Allergy

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There are more than 3,000 mosquito species. Aedes aegypti, Ae. communis, and C. quinquefasciatus are, among others, three of the most important mosquito allergen sources in the tropics, western, and industrialized countries. Several individuals are sensitized to mosquito allergens, but the epidemiological data indicates that the frequency of sensitization markedly differs depending on the geographical region. Additionally, the geographical localization of mosquito species has been affected by global warming and some mosquito species have invaded areas where they were not previously found, at the same time as other species have been displaced. This phenomenon has repercussions in the pathogenesis and the accuracy of the diagnosis of mosquito allergy. Allergic individuals are sensitized to mosquito allergens from two origins: saliva and body allergens. Exposure to saliva allergens occurs during mosquito bite and induces cutaneous allergic reactions. Experimental and clinical data suggest that body allergens mediate different manifestations of allergic reactions such as asthma and rhinitis. The most studied mosquito species is Ae. aegypti, from which four and five allergens of the saliva and body, respectively, have been reported. Many characterized allergens are homologs to arthropod-derived allergens, which cause strong cross-reactivity at the humoral and cellular level. The generalized use of whole body Ae. communis or C. quinquefasciatus extracts complicates the diagnosis of mosquito allergy because they have low concentration of saliva allergens and may result in poor diagnosis of the affected population when other species are the primary sensitizer. This review article discusses the current knowledge about mosquito allergy, allergens, cross-reactivity, and proposals of component resolved approaches based on mixtures of purified recombinant allergens to replace saliva-based or whole-body extracts, in order to perform an accurate diagnosis of allergy induced by mosquito allergen exposure.

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“…Aed a 4 is a 67 kDa α-glucosidase. About 36-46% of mosquito allergic individuals react against this allergen (19,54).…”

Section: Group 3 and 4 Mosquito Allergensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquitoes: Important Sources of Allergens in the Tropics

Cantillo

Puerta

2021

Front. Allergy

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“…The immunogenicity of Culex spp. saliva has been a topic of interest, but most studies focused on identifying the main immunogenic salivary proteins responsible for allergy so as to develop high-sensitivity diagnostic tests and immunotherapy [ 29 , 30 ]. Studies identified Cx .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies identified Cx . quinquefasciatus salivary proteins that elicit an IgE and IgG responses in humans, with the major antigens being the D7-related proteins[ 30 – 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Members of this protein family have anti-homeostatic properties in binding collagen and preventing platelet aggregation [ 18 , 40 ]. They were reported to be highly antigenic in inducing an IgE response in humans exposed to Aedes species [ 30 ] and an IgG response in vertebrates exposed to Culex bites [ 32 , 33 ]. Previous bioinformatics work showed a low sequence identity between homologous members of the 30 kDa antigen family, suggesting weak cross-reactivity of human IgG between the related salivary proteins [ 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First evaluation of antibody responses to Culex quinquefasciatus salivary antigens as a serological biomarker of human exposure to Culex bites: A pilot study in Côte d’Ivoire

et al. 2021

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Background Culex mosquitoes are vectors for a variety of pathogens of public health concern. New indicators of exposure to Culex bites are needed to evaluate the risk of transmission of associated pathogens and to assess the efficacy of vector control strategies. An alternative to entomological indices is the serological measure of antibodies specific to mosquito salivary antigens. This study investigated whether the human IgG response to both the salivary gland extract and the 30 kDa salivary protein of Culex quinquefasciatus may represent a proxy of human exposure to Culex bites. Methodology/Principal findings A multidisciplinary survey was conducted with children aged 1 to 14 years living in neighborhoods with varying exposure to Culex quinquefasciatus in the city of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. Children living in sites with high exposure to Cx quinquefasciatus had a significantly higher IgG response to both salivary antigens compared with children living in the control site where only very few Culex were recorded. Moreover, children from any Culex-high exposed sites had significantly higher IgG responses only to the salivary gland extract compared with children from the control village, whereas no difference was noted in the anti-30 kDa IgG response. No significant differences were noted in the specific IgG responses between age and gender. Sites and the use of a bed net were associated with the level of IgG response to the salivary gland extract and to the 30 kDa antigen, respectively. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that the IgG response to Culex salivary gland extracts is suitable as proxy of exposure; however, the specificity to the Culex genus needs further investigation. The lower antigenicity of the 30 kDa recombinant protein represents a limitation to its use. The high specificity of this protein to the Culex genus makes it an attractive candidate and other specific antibody responses might be more relevant as a biomarker of exposure. These epidemiological observations may form a starting point for additional work on developing serological biomarkers of Culex exposure.

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Establishment of a mouse allergy model for Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Bao,

Lu,

Xiang

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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BackgroundCulicoides is a genus of ubiquitous biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). Female midges have blood‐sucking habit. They not only bite and harass humans and animals but also may be an important vector of disease transmission. Therefore, building an animal allergy model caused by Culicoides biting is very beneficial for studying its pathogenesis and exploring the therapeutic methods.Material and methodKunming mice were used in this study to build the model and sensitised by two‐step injection of midge extracts. Scratching behaviour and histological examination were used to check the immediate and delayed responses. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) were detected using indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. Splenic cell proliferation and cytokine production were determined using 3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and ELISA assays. The response of cytokine gene expression to midge stimulation was analysed through quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).ResultsBehavioural results revealed a significant increase in scratching frequency among the midge‐sensitised animals (p < 0.05). Histological examination showed more inflammatory cytokine infiltration at the injection site of midge‐sensitised mice comparing to the ones in the control group. The serum levels of IgE and IgG1 antibodies in the midge‐sensitised group were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). After splenocytes were stimulated in vitro with midge extracts, the midge‐sensitised group's splenocyte count significantly increased in comparison to the control group. The midge‐sensitised group's qPCR data revealed a down‐regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) expression and an increase in the expression of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10 and IL‐13 but not in the control group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsIn this study, an animal model of Culicoides–mouse sensitisation was successfully constructed using a two‐step method. The mode of administration of the model was in good agreement with the natural immune pathway, and the immune response induced by the sensitisation of the model was similar to that produced by the bite of a midge.

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Novel salivary gland allergens from tropical mosquito species and IgE reactivity in allergic patients

Cited by 15 publications

References 37 publications

Mosquitoes: Important Sources of Allergens in the Tropics

Mosquitoes: Important Sources of Allergens in the Tropics

First evaluation of antibody responses to Culex quinquefasciatus salivary antigens as a serological biomarker of human exposure to Culex bites: A pilot study in Côte d’Ivoire

Establishment of a mouse allergy model for Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

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