Novel principal component analysis‐based feature selection mechanism for classroom sound classification

Abstract

Machine learning algorithms for sound classification can be supported by multiple temporal, spectral, and perceptual features extracted from the sound signal. The number of features affects the classification accuracy but also the computational resources requested, so the number of features has to be carefully selected. In this work, we propose a methodology for feature selection based on the principal component analysis. The case study has been the classification of classroom sounds during face‐to‐face module delivery and six sound types have been defined. The proposed method is applied upon a set of 143 sound features to produce feature ranking. The ranking results are compared with those provided by the Relief‐F. Then the selected features are used by five classification algorithms, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Support Vector Machine (QSVM), k Nearest Neighbors, Boosted Trees, and Random Forest. The algorithms are executed with increasing number of features, from 1 to 143, considering both feature rankings, creating 1430 models. The performance of the classification algorithms increases rapidly with the number of features with LDA, QSVM, and Boosted Trees outperforming other methods and surpassing the accuracy ratio of 90% with 25 features.

Comparison of Pre-Trained CNNs for Audio Classification Using Transfer Learning

“…Features are based on psychoacoustic properties of sounds such as loudness, pitch and timbre, while cepstral features are also widely used, including Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and their derivatives [16,17]. Feature evaluation methodologies are employed such as Relief-F [18] and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based [19]. Recently, deep learning techniques were employed [20][21][22][23].…”

Detection technology application based on spectral subtraction and vibro acoustic principle in the measurement of ship reliability level

“…In Eq. 4, the obtained frequency formula is actually a p 2 polynomial of n degree, and natural frequencies n can be obtained by calculation (Tsalera et al, 2021). The vibration system with corresponding n degrees of freedom has a n natural Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering frontiersin.org frequency, and all frequencies are sorted from small to large as follows 0 ≤ p 1 ≤ p 2 ≤ / ≤ p n .…”