Novel Precooling Strategy Enhances Time Trial Cycling in the Heat

Ross, Megan L.; Garvican, Laura A.; Jeacocke, Nikki A.; Laursen, Paul B.; Abbiss, Chris R.; Martin, David T.; Burke, Louise M.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181e93210

Cited by 101 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Ice-slurry ingestion and cold water immersion precooling resulted in improved running times to exhaustion in the heat compared to control, but these separate precooling treatments were not different from each other, indicating that both techniques are comparable (Siegel et al, 2012). Furthermore, in another study that included water immersion and ice-slurry ingestion prior to a cycling time trial in the heat, both treatments resulted in improved performance compared to control, but ice-slurry had a larger effect on power output during one stage of the race and resulted in better overall performance (3.0%) than cold water immersion (1.1%) (Ross et al, 2011). Furthermore, other studies have shown an improvement in running time to exhaustion by ~10 min and cycling time trial performance by 6.5% accompanied with lower T c after ice-slurry ingestion compared with cold or tap water ingestion (Siegel et al, 2010;Ihsan et al, 2010).…”

Section: Combined Precooling and Warm-upmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Two studies included a standard 20-min warm-up session after three different methods of body cooling and prior to completion of a cycling time trial (Quod et al, 2008;Ross et al, 2011). However, the designs utilized do not permit one to identify the separate and combined effects of precooling and warm-up on subsequent exercise performance.…”

Section: Combined Precooling and Warm-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For precooling (PREC), participants sat quietly for 10-15 min inside an environmental chamber set at 33 °C, 40% relative humidity while baseline temperature and HR measurements were recorded. Then, they ingested 4 g/kg body mass of carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage at 10 °C over the course of 20 min, followed by ingesting 14 g/kg of ice-slurry in 2 boluses over the course of 30 min (1 bolus every 15 min) (Ross et al, 2011). During the slurry ingestion, participants wore an ice vest (World Endurance Sports LLC, Tampa, FL) over the cycling jersey, and Elasto-Gel ice wraps (Southwest Technologies, Inc., North Kansas City, MO) were placed around the head, neck, and both legs at the level of the quadriceps.…”

Section: Experimental Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These methods are practical and easily accessible. Furthermore, ice-slurry ingestion has been shown to reduce T c prior to exercise and improve cycling (Ihsan et al, 2010;Ross et al, 2011) and running (Siegel et al, 2010) performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notwithstanding the reported benefits of precooling, some precooling protocols have been either detrimental (Bergh & Ekblom, 1979a), or ineffective (Ross et al, 2011) to exercise performance. Bergh and Ekblom (1979) indicated that exercise time to exhaustion was reduced after lowering esophageal temperature (T es ) from 38.4-34.9 °C, possibly because of reduced peak oxygen uptake (Bergh & Ekblom, 1979a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Precooling and Warm-up Effects on Time Trial Cycling Performance During Heat Stress

Al-Horani

Wingo

2015

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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The aim of this study was to investigate the separate and combined effects of precooling and warm-up on a subsequent cycling time trial in a hot environment. Nine healthy men (mean±SD age=24±5 years; body mass=74.7±4.5 kg; height=171.4±7.7 cm; body fat=12.9±5.2%) completed 3 simulated 16.1-km time trials on a cycle ergometer in a hot environment (~33 °C, 45% relative humidity) after: 1) 20 min of fluid ingestion (10 °C ) followed by 30 min of ice-slurry ingestion (-1 °C ) coupled with ice-vest (PREC), 2) 30 min of ice-slurry ingestion coupled with ice-vest followed by 20 min of warm-up including ice-slurry and ice-vest (COMBO), 3) 30 min of fluid ingestion (10 °C) followed by 20 min of warm-up (WU). At baseline, rectal temperature (T re ), mean skin temperature ( sk ), and mean body temperature ( b ) were similar among treatments (all P>0.05). After treatment administration and before the start of the time trial, T re was lower in PREC (36.1±0.3) and COMBO (36.9±0.4) compared to WU (37.6±0.2) (all P<0.05). sk and b were all lower in PREC than COMBO and WU, and were lower in COMBO than WU (all P<0.05). T re remained lower in PREC than WU throughout exercise and was lower in PREC than COMBO for the first 12 km (all P<0.01), while T re in COMBO remained lower than WU for the first 4 km. sk during PREC was lower than COMBO at 4 and 8 km and lower than WU at 0 and 4 km, while during COMBO it was lower than WU at 0 and 4 km (all P<0.05). Heart rate (HR) at baseline was lower in PREC than COMBO and WU (68±10, 106±12, 101±13 beats/min, respectively; P<0.001). During exercise, HR increased similarly among all treatments throughout exercise (all P>0.05). Local sweat rate (SR) was lower in PREC than COMBO and WU for the first 4 km (P < iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All praise is due to Allah, the entirely merciful; I thank him and praise him. He is the one who protects and guards me in the days when I work, and in the nights when I sleep. He amply bestowed his favors and bounties upon me, and gave me from all I asked of him, and if I should count his favors, surely I could not enumerate.Then, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Jonathan Wingo for his guidance, knowledge, patience, diligence, and dedication throughout this dissertation stages.He was very generous in teaching the procedures of research, from how to professionally use the laboratory equipment, to how to write a solid work of research. He has been sincere, respectful, and hardworking. I am also thankful to my dissertation committee, Dr. Philip Bishop, Dr. Mark Richardson, Dr. Edward Mansfield, and Dr. John Vincent. Their inputs, suggestions, and recommendations were very effective in directing the research into the right way. Also I thank them for their cooperation and sacrifices to finish this dissertation successfully.

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Section: Combined Precooling and Warm-upmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Combined Precooling and Warm-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Precooling and Warm-up Effects on Time Trial Cycling Performance During Heat Stress

Al-Horani

Wingo

2015

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Encapsulated Environment

McLellan

Daanen²,

Cheung

2013

Comprehensive Physiology

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In many occupational settings, clothing must be worn to protect individuals from hazards in their work environment. However, personal protective clothing (PPC) restricts heat exchange with the environment due to high thermal resistance and low water vapor permeability. As a consequence, individuals who wear PPC often work in uncompensable heat stress conditions where body heat storage continues to rise and the risk of heat injury is greatly enhanced. Tolerance time while wearing PPC is influenced by three factors: (i) initial core temperature (Tc), affected by heat acclimation, precooling, hydration, aerobic fitness, circadian rhythm, and menstrual cycle (ii) Tc tolerated at exhaustion, influenced by state of encapsulation, hydration, and aerobic fitness; and (iii) the rate of increase in Tc from beginning to end of the heat-stress exposure, which is dependent on the clothing characteristics, thermal environment, work rate, and individual factors like body composition and economy of movement. Methods to reduce heat strain in PPC include increasing clothing permeability for air, adjusting pacing strategy, including work/rest schedules, physical training, and cooling interventions, although the additional weight and bulk of some personal cooling systems offset their intended advantage. Individuals with low body fatness who perform regular aerobic exercise have tolerance times in PPC that exceed those of their sedentary counterparts by as much as 100% due to lower resting Tc, the higher Tc tolerated at exhaustion and a slower increase in Tc during exercise. However, questions remain about the importance of activity levels, exercise intensity, cold water ingestion, and plasma volume expansion for thermotolerance.

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Heat-Stress Exercise and Cooling

Tyler

2019

Heat Stress in Sport and Exercise

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Novel Precooling Strategy Enhances Time Trial Cycling in the Heat

Abstract: This new precooling strategy represents a practical and effective technique that could be used by athletes in preparation for endurance events undertaken in hot and humid conditions.

Cited by 101 publications

References 31 publications

Precooling and Warm-up Effects on Time Trial Cycling Performance During Heat Stress

Precooling and Warm-up Effects on Time Trial Cycling Performance During Heat Stress

Encapsulated Environment

Heat-Stress Exercise and Cooling

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