Novel Porous Phosphorus–Calcium–Magnesium Coatings on Titanium with Copper or Zinc Obtained by DC Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation: Fabrication and Characterization

Rokosz, Krzysztof; Hryniewicz, Tadeusz; Gaiaschi, Sofia; Chapon, Patrick; Raaen, S.; Matýsek, Dalibor; Dudek, Łukasz; Pietrzak, Kornel

doi:10.3390/ma11091680

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…In this study, the EDS scan found that the proportion of magnesium on titanium sheets increased with increasing magnesium concentration in the electrolyte, and the ion distribution on the surface of the material could be adjusted by adjusting the ion concentration in the electrolyte. 25 The SEM images revealed that the addition of Mg 2+ ions did not destroy the microporous morphology formed by MAO. The roughness and contact angle of the material do not change with the increasing of magnesium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

<p>A Magnesium-Incorporated Nanoporous Titanium Coating for Rapid Osseointegration</p>

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

IJN

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Purpose Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is a fast and effective method to prepare nanoporous coatings with high biological activity and bonding strength. Simple micro/nano-coatings cannot fully meet the requirements of osteogenesis. To further improve the biological activity of a titanium surface, we successfully added biological magnesium (Mg 2+ ) to a coating by micro-arc oxidation and evaluated the optimal magnesium concentration in the electrolyte, biocompatibility, cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenesis in vitro. Methods Nanoporous titanium coatings with different concentrations of magnesium were prepared by micro-arc oxidation and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The Mg 2+ release ability of the magnesium-incorporated nanoporous titanium coatings was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The cytotoxicity of the magnesium-incorporated nanoporous titanium coatings was detected with live/dead double-staining tests. A CCK-8 assay was employed to evaluate cell proliferation, and FITC-phalloidin was used to determine the structure of the cytoskeleton by staining β-actin. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was evaluated by alizarin red S (ARS) staining to determine the effect of the coatings on osteogenic differentiation in vitro. The mRNA expression of osteogenic differentiation-related markers was measured using qRT-PCR. Results EDS analyses revealed the successful addition of magnesium to the microporous coatings. The best magnesium concentration of the electrolyte for preparing the new coating was determined. The results showed that the nano-coatings prepared using the electrolyte with 2 g/L magnesium acetate best promoted the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Conclusion These results suggest that the new titanium metal coating with a dual effect of promoting bone morphology and supplying the biological ion Mg 2+ can be beneficial for rapid osseointegration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

<p>A Magnesium-Incorporated Nanoporous Titanium Coating for Rapid Osseointegration</p>

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

IJN

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“…It should be pointed out that authors have contribution in development of PEO processes with usage of concentrated (85%) orthophosphoric acid instead of water as an electrolyte with additives such as Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , Mg(NO 3 ) 2 , Zn(NO 3 ) 2 and Cu(NO 3 ) 2 under both DC [158,159] and AC [160] conditions. In case of use of electrolyte that contains all four nitrates under DC conditions, it was found out that additional metal ions from electrolyte occurs in obtained porous surfaces amorphic phase while Ti 2 P 2 O 7 occurs in crystalline phase.…”

Section: Peo Coatings Enriched With Phosphorus Calcium and Magnesiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphate Porous Coatings Enriched with Selected Elements via PEO Treatment on Titanium and Its Alloys: A Review

2020

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This paper shows that the subject of porous coatings fabrication by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO), known also as Micro Arc Oxidation (MAO), is still current, inter alia because metals and alloys, which can be treated by the PEO method, for example, titanium, niobium, tantalum and their alloys, are increasingly available for sale. On the international market, apart from scientific works/activity developed at universities, scientific research on the PEO coatings is also underway in companies such as Keronite (Great Britain), Magoxid-Coat (Germany), Mofratech (France), Machaon (Russia), as well as CeraFuse, Tagnite, Microplasmic (USA). In addition, it should be noted that the development of the space industry and implantology will force the production of trouble-free micro- and macro-machines with very high durability. Another aspect in favor of this technique is the rate of part treatment, which does not exceed several dozen minutes, and usually only lasts a few minutes. Another advantage is functionalization of fabricated surface through thermal or hydrothermal modification of fabricated coatings, or other methods (Physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel), including also reoxidation by PEO treatment in another electrolyte. In the following chapters, coatings obtained both in aqueous solutions and electrolytes based on orthophosphoric acid will be presented; therein, dependent on the PEO treatment and the electrolyte used, they are characterized by different properties associated with their subsequent use. The possibilities for using coatings produced by means of plasma electrolytic oxidation are very wide, beginning from various types of catalysts, gas sensors, to biocompatible and antibacterial coatings, as well as hard wear coatings used in machine parts, among others, used in the aviation and aerospace industries.

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“…The use of Cu(NO 3 ) 2 •3H 2 O salt with concentrated H 3 PO 4 (85 wt%) as the electrolyte in the PEO process allowed us to obtain the extended surface structures of the porous characteristics containing compounds of copper and phosphorus on the Ti6Al4V alloy surface. The researchers indicated that the content of copper(II) nitrate(V) trihydrate essentially affected both the surface geometry and the composition of the obtained coatings [11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Coatings Containing Copper and Phosphorus Obtained by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Titanium

et al. 2020

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To fabricate porous copper coatings on titanium, we used the process of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) with voltage control. For all experiments, the three-phase step-up transformer with six-diode Graetz bridge was used. The voltage and the amount of salt used in the electrolyte were determined so as to obtain porous coatings. Within the framework of this study, the PEO process was carried out at a voltage of 450 VRMS in four electrolytes containing the salt as copper(II) nitrate(V) trihydrate. Moreover, we showed that the content of salt in the electrolyte needed to obtain a porous PEO coating was in the range 300–600 g/dm3. After exceeding this amount of salts in the electrolyte, some inclusions on the sample surface were observed. It is worth noting that this limitation of the amount of salts in the electrolyte was not connected with the maximum solubility of copper(II) nitrate(V) trihydrate in the concentrated (85%) orthophosphoric acid. To characterize the obtained coatings, numerous techniques were used. In this work, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), conducted surface analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and studied the surface layer chemical composition of the obtained coatings by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), glow discharge of optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), and biological tests. It was found that the higher the concentration of Cu(NO3)2∙3H2O in the electrolyte, the higher the roughness of the coatings, which may be described by 3D roughness parameters, such as Sa (1.17–1.90 μm) and Sp (7.62–13.91 μm). The thicknesses of PEO coatings obtained in the electrolyte with 300–600 g/dm3 Cu(NO3) 2∙3H2O were in the range 7.8 to 10 μm. The Cu/P ratio of the whole volume of coating measured by EDS was in the range 0.05–0.12, while the range for the top layer (measured using XPS) was 0.17–0.24. The atomic concentration of copper (0.54–0.72 at%) resulted in antibacterial and fungicidal properties in the fabricated coatings, which can be dedicated to biocompatible applications.

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Novel Porous Phosphorus–Calcium–Magnesium Coatings on Titanium with Copper or Zinc Obtained by DC Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation: Fabrication and Characterization

Cited by 23 publications

References 133 publications

<p>A Magnesium-Incorporated Nanoporous Titanium Coating for Rapid Osseointegration</p>

<p>A Magnesium-Incorporated Nanoporous Titanium Coating for Rapid Osseointegration</p>

Phosphate Porous Coatings Enriched with Selected Elements via PEO Treatment on Titanium and Its Alloys: A Review

Porous Coatings Containing Copper and Phosphorus Obtained by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Titanium

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