Novel Polyurethanes Based on Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate: Synthesis, Characterization, and Formulation of Binders for Environmentally Responsible Rocket Propellants

Dirloman, Florin Marian; Toader, Gabriela; Rotariu, Traian; Țigănescu, Tudor Viorel; Ginghină, Raluca Elena; Petre, Răzvan; Alexe, Florentina; Ungureanu, M.; Rusen, Edina; Diacon, Aurel; Ghebaur, Adi; Duldner, Monica; Coman, Alina Elena; Tincu, Robert

doi:10.3390/polym13213828

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…3, the viscoelastic properties followed comparable patterns which varied in accordance with the effects induced by the polymers employed in the synthesis of the BC films. The variation of shear moduli as a function of frequency offers information on the "damping" behavior of BC films by illustrating their ability to dissipate mechanical energy through internal motion (Dîrloman et al 2021). In all cases, all samples registered higher values of G' storage modulus and lower values for G'' loss modulus in the whole frequency range.…”

Section: Shear-sandwich Setup On Discovery 850 Dma Ta Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Improved degradability and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose grafted with PEG derivatives

et al. 2023

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New functional materials based on bacterial cellulose (BC) grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) PEG derivatives for food packaging applications and a facile method for assessing the degradation rates of the final materials are presented. Two types of materials were obtained by grafting the BC films (BCF), respectively lyophilized BC pellicles (BCL) with three PEG derivatives of different molecular weights through radical polymerization. The BC based polymer materials were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, contact angle measurements, and TGA. Tensile tests and DMA analysis were used to compare the two types of materials in terms of shear-modulus, tensile strength and performance giving suitable information for food packaging applications. A new degradation evaluation method, that we propose herein, offers quantitative information about the degradation process in contrast with the SEM analysis, primarily used in literature, which is not decisive in all cases because it characterizes only small parts of the sample. The degradation rates evidenced that the PEG derivatives of higher molecular weight grafted on the surface of BCF led to an acceleration of the degradation process compared with the pristine samples. A good correlation was obtained between the samples analyzed by SEM after the degradation process and their degradation rates were mathematically determined.

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Section: Shear-sandwich Setup On Discovery 850 Dma Ta Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Improved degradability and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose grafted with PEG derivatives

et al. 2023

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“…Polyester-polyol blends resulted from post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) degradation-according to ref. [20], Sethatane D1160 (SET, hydroxyl content-5.4%, Allnex, Brussels, Belgium), diphenylmethane-4,4 -diisocyanate (MDI, -NCO content-31.5% (weight %), technical product Desmodur ® 44V20L (Covestro, Leverkusen, Germany), triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN)-an energetic plasticizer synthesized at MTA according to ref. [21], were vacuum dried for 24 h at 50 • C before being employed in polyurethane synthesis.…”

Section: Materials For "Greener" Composite Rocket Propellantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Potassium Salts Phase Stabilizers and Binder Matrix on the Properties of Novel Composite Rocket Propellants Based on Ammonium Nitrate

et al. 2022

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The environmental impact and availability of ingredients are vital for the new generation of rocket propellants. In this context, several novel composite propellants were prepared based on the “greener” oxidizer phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate (PSAN), a micronized aluminum–magnesium alloy fuel, iron oxide powder burn rate modifier, triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN) energetic plasticizer and a polyurethane (PU) binder. The novelty of this study is brought by the innovative procedure of synthesizing and combining the constituents of these heterogeneous compositions to obtain high-performance “eco-friendly” rocket propellants. The polymorphism shortcomings brought by ammonium nitrate in these energetic formulations have been solved by its co-crystallization with potassium salts (potassium nitrate, potassium chromate, potassium dichromate, potassium sulphate, potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate). Polyester–polyol blends, resulting from recycled post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) glycolysis, were utilized for the synthesis of the polyurethane binder, especially designed for this type of application. To adjust the energetic output and tailor the mechanical properties of the propellant, the energetic plasticizer TEGDN was also involved. The performance and safety characteristics of the novel composites were evaluated through various analytical techniques (TGA, DTA, XRD) and specific tests (rate of combustion, heat of combustion, specific volume, chemical stability, sensitivity to thermal, impact and friction stimuli), according to NATO standards, providing promising preliminary results for further ballistics investigations.

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“…Polyurethanes (from recycled PET) have also been reported in the literature as new binders in environmentally friendly rocket fuels. Because they have comparable performance characteristics such as thermal stability and mechanical properties, these new binders can successfully replace traditional binders in existing rocket fuels [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Unsaturated polyester resins obtained by PET glycolysis using propylene glycol and maleic anhydride showed potential for reuse as versatile reactants in the syntheses of novel polymers, reducing the consumption of petroleum-based monomers [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Biobased Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced with Unmodified/Modified Biosilica Nanoparticles

Embirsh,

Stajčić,

Gržetić

et al. 2023

Polymers

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This paper presents sustainable technology for environmentally friendly composite production. Biobased unsaturated polyester resin (b-UPR), synthesized from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) glycosylate and renewable origin maleic anhydride (MAnh) and propylene glycol (PG), was reinforced with unmodified and vinyl-modified biosilica nanoparticles obtained from rice husk. The structural and morphological properties of the obtained particles, b-UPR, as well as composites, were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The study of the influence of biosilica modification on the mechanical properties of composites was supported by hardness modeling. Improvement of the tensile strength of the b-UPR-based composite at 2.5 wt.% addition of biosilica modified with vinyl silane, named “b-UPR/SiO2-V” composite, has been achieved with 88% increase. The thermal aging process applied to the b-UPR/SiO2-V composite, which simulates use over the product’s lifetime, leads to the deterioration of composites that were used as fillers in commercial unsaturated polyester resin (c-UPR). The grinded artificially aged b-UPR composites were used as filler in c-UPR for the production of a table top layer with outstanding mechanical properties, i.e., impact resistance and microhardness, as well as fire resistance rated in the V-0 category according to the UL-94 test. Developing sustainable composites that are chemically synthesized from renewable sources is important from the aspect of preserving the environment and existing resources as well as the extending their life cycle.

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Novel Polyurethanes Based on Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate: Synthesis, Characterization, and Formulation of Binders for Environmentally Responsible Rocket Propellants

Cited by 9 publications

References 38 publications

Improved degradability and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose grafted with PEG derivatives

Improved degradability and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose grafted with PEG derivatives

The Influence of Potassium Salts Phase Stabilizers and Binder Matrix on the Properties of Novel Composite Rocket Propellants Based on Ammonium Nitrate

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Biobased Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced with Unmodified/Modified Biosilica Nanoparticles

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