Novel polybenzoxazine-based carbon aerogel electrode for supercapacitors

Advanced and economical ambient drying method for controlled mesopore polybenzoxazine-based carbon xerogels: Effects of non-ionic and cationic surfactant on porous structure

“…The average mesopore diameters were 34,35,36,25,25, and 15 nm for CX, CX-CTAB-0.003, CX-CTAB-0.009, CX-CTAB-0.030, CX-CTAB-0.090, and CX-CTAB-0.180, respectively. According to the literature proposed by Wang et al [16], large mesopore diameters ranging from 5 to 40 nm were created by inter-connected structure of carbon nanoparticle.…”

“…The Soxhlet technique was used to remove all residual surfactant in the organogel by using ethyl alcohol as a carrier phase under heating temperature of 100°C and reflux temperature of 10°C for 24 h. After that, the MCBP(BA-teta) organogel was taken out from the Soxhlet tube and heated in an oven at 90°C for 24 h to remove all residual ethyl alcohol. Subsequently, the MCBP(BA-teta) organogel was placed in a temperatureprogrammed oven for step-polymerization at 160°C and 180°C for 3 h at each temperature, and 200°C for 15 min to achieve the fully-polymerized polybenzoxazine xerogel [36,37]. The possible structure of polybenzoxazine synthesized using teta, BA, and formaldehyde is shown in our previous works [37][38][39].…”

“…The possible structure of polybenzoxazine synthesized using teta, BA, and formaldehyde is shown in our previous works [37][38][39]. After step-polymerization, fully-polymerized polybenzoxazine xerogel was carbonized under nitrogen flow of 600 cc/min using the following cycle step: 30-250°C for 1 h, 250-600°C for 5 h, 600-800°C for 1 h and held at 800°C for 2 h, and then the oven was cooled to room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere [36,37].…”

“…In addition, polybenzoxazine is a cross-linked polymer with additional extensive hydrogen bonded networks which can withstand pore collapse without the need of supercritical CO 2 drying process. Hence, polybenzoxazine aerogels with more economical ambient drying have been reported in the literature [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42].…”

“…In 2009, polybenzoxazine-based carbon aerogels were first introduced by Lorjai et al who found that their carbon aerogel exhibited the properties as a microporous material [35]. In 2010, polybenzoxazine-based carbon aerogels with an average pore diameter of 3.67 nm were used as an electrode in supercapacitors by Katanyoota et al [36]. As mentioned above, it was found that polybenzoxazine-based carbon shows the pore diameter in a range of small micro-mesopore.…”