Solvent-induced interactions of nanoparticles
in colloidal
solutions
can substantially affect their physicochemical and transport properties.
Predicting these interactions is challenging because the natural causes
of the interactions are unclear. Here, we present a comprehensive
experimental and theoretical study of the coagulation stability of
the surfacted magnetic colloids. The magnetite nanoparticles stabilized
by erucic acid were dispersed in 19 different good solvents. The colloidal
stability was reduced by the gradual addition of a precipitant. As
a precipitant, 19 other liquids were used. We show that coagulation
is not associated with either dispersion or magnetic interactions.
The coagulation mechanism is due to the osmotic attraction of nanoparticles
induced by a specific local distribution of precipitant molecules.
The precipitant molecules are repelled from the hydrophobic tails
of the surfactant and form a depleted zone inside the surfactant layer
leading to the appearance of the osmotic attraction between the nanoparticles
and their subsequent coagulation when the critical concentration of
the precipitant is reached. The quantitative description of the phenomenon
is carried out within the framework of the generalized Asakura–Oosawa
model of the attractive depletion forces between two adjacent particles
and the Langmuir adsorption model for the equilibrium concentration
of precipitant molecules in the surfactant layer of nanoparticles.
The calculated precipitant critical concentrations, the coagulation
curves of the polydisperse systems, and the variation of the coagulation
criterion occurring upon changing the surfactant are in good agreement
with the experimental data. The osmotic attraction mechanism is equally
suitable for nanoparticles of any natureplasmonic, semiconductor,
or magnetic. This is determined by the surfactant–solvent interactions
and is generic for many solvent-mediated systems taken at arbitrary
concentrations of precipitant.