Novel oil extraction technologies: Process conditions, quality parameters, and optimization

Abstract

Conventional techniques of extracting oil using organic solvents pose health, safety, and environmental concerns. In modern extraction methods, green solvents such as water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, carbon dioxide, ionic liquids, and terpenes are currently gaining prominence. These green solvents present no signs of pollution and remain in liquid form over a temperature range of 0 to 140 °C. Other techniques covered in this review include microwave‐assisted enzymatic extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, supercritical fluid technology, high pressure–assisted extraction, and pulse electric field–assisted extraction. These techniques are considered environmentally friendly because they exhibit less hazardous chemical synthesis, use renewable feedstock, and reduce the chemical load and emissions generated by organic solvents. Aqueous enzymatic extraction is a novel technique that uses enzymes as the medium for extraction of oil. Selection of the enzymes solely depends on the structure of the oilseed and the composition of the cell wall. Studies reveal an enzyme to substrate ratio of 1% to 8%, the temperature of 40 to 55 °C, and a pH of 4 to 8 to be typical for enzymatic extraction of oil from different oilseeds. Microwave‐assisted extraction has proven to impart significant effects on mass transfer and offers high throughput and extraction efficiency. A microwave power of 275 to 1,000 W and a temperature range of 30 to 60 °C are noticed in the different studies. The review presents a comprehensive account of the modern extraction techniques, the parameters responsible for yield and quality, and their industrial applications. Besides, the review highlights the optimized parameters for oil extraction from different oil‐bearing materials.

Physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and industrial applications of mango kernel and its products: A review

“…Solvent extraction dominates the extraction of MKO, although some researchers have explored the efficacy of modern techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and enzymatic extraction. The urge to test these novel techniques emanates from the need for more environmentally friendly processes since organic solvents are hazardous (Mwaurah et al, 2020). Before extraction, the kernels are chopped, dried, and then crushed into small pieces or powder (Figure 4).…”

The advances and limitations in biodiesel production: feedstocks, oil extraction methods, production, and environmental life cycle assessment

“…Some studies showed that using of enzyme mixtures was more effective compared to individual enzymes (120), and hydrolysis of protease proteins in protein-rich plants promotes the release of oils and increases the efficiency of extraction (121). Moreover, the cell wall of plant materials is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin all of which can easily be broken down by the wide range of commercially available enzymes (122).…”

“…Attention also should be paid to the mixing regime, so it is necessary to select such parameters at which the maximum interaction of enzymes with the substrate can be achieved, but a stable emulsion is not formed, facilitating the formation of the easily detachable oil layer on the surface. Moreover, stirring leads to energy consumption and raising the cost of the process (122). In practice, AEE is also used in combination with sonication (123).…”

Efficacy of Microwave Heating Parameters on Physical Properties of Extracted Oil from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

“…The essential oil of turmeric has been reported about 84 chemical constituents. The essential oil of turmeric has turmerone {ar (14), α- (13) and β (15)}, 1, 8cineole (6), α-phellandrene (7), β-caryophyllene (16) and β-sesquiphellandrene (17) has major shares of essential oil [6,7]. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of fats and oils have recently gained popularity due to its reduced extraction time, energy and solvent consumption [8].…”

“…The review presents a comprehensive account of the modern extraction techniques, the parameters responsible for yield and quality, and their industrial applications. Besides, the review highlights the optimized parameters for oil extraction from different oil-bearing materials [17].…”