Novel non‐motile phenotypes of <i>Yersinia ruckeri</i> suggest expansion of the current clonal complex theory

Tinsley, John; Austin, Dawn A.; Lyndon, Alastair Robert; Austin, Brian

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01237.x

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Both of the experimental fish pathogen (A. salmonicida and Y. ruckeri) were Gram negative when staining was performed using Gram staining method (Buck, 1982). Several studies have suggested that the A. salmonicida (Pedersen et al, 1994;Gudmundsdottir, 1998;Schmidt et al, 2000) and Y. ruckeri are gram negative fish bacteria (Tinsley et al, 2011;Verner-Jeffreys et al, 2011;Welch et al, 2011) which are reliable with the present results. The oxidase test was used to identify the presence of respiratory enzymes, cytochrome oxidase in the bacterial isolates.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Non-motile Y. ruckeri, serovar type-I was described from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Spain (Fouz et al, 1990) and from hatchery-reared brown trout (Salmo trutta) in USA (Arias et al, 2007). The Y. ruckeri was also documented as non-motile, rod shaped phenotype from Europe and USA (Evenhuis et al, 2009;Tinsley et al, 2011;Verner-Jeffreys et al, 2011;Welch et al, 2011). Both of the experimental fish pathogen (A. salmonicida and Y. ruckeri) were Gram negative when staining was performed using Gram staining method (Buck, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological and biochemical characterization of two fish pathogenic bacteria: Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri for rapid diagnosis of fish disease

Akter

2017

Asian J. Med. Biol. Res

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Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri are two common pathogenic fish bacteria responsible for furunculosis and Enteric Red Mouth disease (ERM), respectively. For the characterization of these two pathogens, a series of morphological (pigmentation, hemolyse, motility and body shape), biochemical tests (Gram staining, catalase, oxidase and API 20E strips) and a soft ionization technique (MALDI-TOF/MS) were performed in the laboratory. Pigmentation, motility, hemolysis and body shape was used as a preliminary identification of the bacteria. Both of the species were identified with the entire biochemical test without any doubt except API20E strips test. Although the API profile of A. salmonicida (0006104) was identified with high confidence (99.6%), but Y. ruckeri was misidentified as Vibrio mimicus. There are strong supports against Vibrio mimicus as it is a human pathogen, grow at a temperature more than 20 o C, motile and oxidase positive bacteria. The Y. ruckeri is a non-motile fish bacteria and oxidase negative which are consistent with the study results. Agglutination test with Bionor Mono kit was also identified the bacteria as Y. ruckeri. For rapid diagnosis of infectious disease, accurate identification of pathogen is very important for commercial aquaculture.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and biochemical characterization of two fish pathogenic bacteria: Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri for rapid diagnosis of fish disease

Akter

2017

Asian J. Med. Biol. Res

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“…Serotyping is particularly important for strain differentiation of Y. ruckeri, and the O-serotyping scheme of Davies (14) is the most commonly used (12,(15)(16)(17). In this scheme, five O serotypes, O1, O2, O5, O6, and O7, are recognized by rapid slide agglutination assay using defined O antigens (14); the individual O serotypes correspond to discrete lipopolysaccharide (LPS) types as identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach allowed six distinct clonal groups to be distinguished among serotype O1 isolates and was able to differentiate between the classical Hagerman and the newly emerged biotype 2 strains (21). Subsequently, OMP analysis has played an important role in various epidemiological analyses of Y. ruckeri (9,15,24,(29)(30)(31).…”

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confidence: 99%

Yersinia ruckeri Isolates Recovered from Diseased Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Scotland Are More Diverse than Those from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Represent Distinct Subpopulations

Ormsby

Caws

Burchmore

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Yersinia ruckeri is the etiological agent of enteric redmouth (ERM) disease of farmed salmonids. Enteric redmouth disease is traditionally associated with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum), but its incidence in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is increasing. Yersinia ruckeri isolates recovered from diseased Atlantic salmon have been poorly characterized, and very little is known about the relationship of the isolates associated with these two species. Phenotypic approaches were used to characterize 109 Y. ruckeri isolates recovered over a 14-year period from infected Atlantic salmon in Scotland; 26 isolates from infected rainbow trout were also characterized. Biotyping, serotyping, and comparison of outer membrane protein profiles identified 19 Y. ruckeri clones associated with Atlantic salmon but only five associated with rainbow trout; none of the Atlantic salmon clones occurred in rainbow trout and vice versa. These findings suggest that distinct subpopulations of Y. ruckeri are associated with each species. A new O serotype (designated O8) was identified in 56 biotype 1 Atlantic salmon isolates and was the most common serotype identified from 2006 to 2011 and in 2014, suggesting an increased prevalence during the time period sampled. Rainbow trout isolates were represented almost exclusively by the same biotype 2, serotype O1 clone that has been responsible for the majority of ERM outbreaks in this species within the United Kingdom since the 1980s. However, the identification of two biotype 2, serotype O8 isolates in rainbow trout suggests that vaccines containing serotypes O1 and O8 should be evaluated in both rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon for application in Scotland. IMPORTANCEVaccination plays an important role in protecting Atlantic salmon against the bacterial pathogen Yersinia ruckeri, but, in recent years, there has been an increasing incidence of vaccine breakdown in salmon. This is largely because current vaccines are aimed at rainbow trout and are based on serotypes specific for this species. A wider range of serotypes is responsible for infection in Atlantic salmon, but very little is known about the diversity of these strains and their relationships to those recovered from rainbow trout. In the present study, we demonstrate that Y. ruckeri isolates recovered from diseased Atlantic salmon in Scotland are more diverse than those from rainbow trout; furthermore, isolates from the two species represent distinct subpopulations. In addition, a new O serotype was identified that is responsible for a significant proportion of the disease in Atlantic salmon. Our findings are likely to have important implications for the development of improved vaccines against Y. ruckeri. The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia ruckeri is the etiological agent of enteric redmouth (ERM) disease of cultured salmonids and causes significant economic losses to the fish-farming industry. Yersinia ruckeri was first isolated in 1956 from diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) in the Hagerman Valle...

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“…Stwierdzono, że szczepy należące do biotypu 2 są zdolne do przełamania odporności poszczepiennej, jeśli szczepionka była oparta na biotypie 1 (3,20). Uzyskane wyniki pokazały, że w opisywanym przypadku zarówno szczepy szczepionkowe, jak i te z przypadków chorobowych, nie wykazują ruchu, dlatego należą do biotypu 2.…”

Section: Wyniki I Omówienieunclassified

Characterization of pathogenic Yersinia ruckeri strains and their importance in rainbow trout immunoprophylaxis

Pajdak

Terech-Majewska

Platt-Samoraj

et al. 2017

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Due to the wide range of distribution, tendency to stationary persistence and high susceptibility of salmonid fish, vaccination against yersiniosis is an important part of prophylactic programs in many trout farms. The use of autovaccines prepared on the basis of isolates from a given fish farm is considered to be more effective than the use of commercial preparations. The aim of the study was to analyze cases of the disease in 2015 and to try to explain the failure of implemented prophylactic program based on autovaccination. Y. ruckeri strains isolated from one fish farm, from disease outbreaks in 2006, 2008 and 2015, as well as strains used for vaccine production were analyzed. Biotype evaluation, biochemical properties using API 20E assays, serotyping, and molecular identification were performed. All analyzed strains belonged to biotype 2. Two different profiles were obtained in API 20E tests. The first was obtained for vaccine strains and from disease cases in 2006 and 2008. The second was obtained for the strain isolated from the disease case in 2015. None of the profiles have been interpreted as Y. ruckeri in the APIweb. The identification of bacteria was confirmed by PCR. Disease strains and two vaccine strains belonged to the O1 serotype. Two of the vaccine strains have been qualified as O5 serotype. The obtained results indicate that the disease outbreak in 2015 was due to the emergence of a strain with increased pathogenicity and the use of an autovaccine based on strains belonging to the O5 serotype, considered to be less pathogenic. Immunization with the use of the O5 serotype does not provide complete protection against infection with other serotypes, so that fish remained susceptible to O1 serotype, which caused the disease in 2015. The results suggest the need for extending the diagnostics of strains used for the production of autovaccines.

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Novel non‐motile phenotypes of Yersinia ruckeri suggest expansion of the current clonal complex theory

Cited by 19 publications

References 23 publications

Morphological and biochemical characterization of two fish pathogenic bacteria: Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri for rapid diagnosis of fish disease

Morphological and biochemical characterization of two fish pathogenic bacteria: Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri for rapid diagnosis of fish disease

Yersinia ruckeri Isolates Recovered from Diseased Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Scotland Are More Diverse than Those from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Represent Distinct Subpopulations

Characterization of pathogenic Yersinia ruckeri strains and their importance in rainbow trout immunoprophylaxis

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