Novel natural alleles at FLC and LVR loci account for enhanced vernalization responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

Sánchez-Bermejo, Eduardo; Méndez‐Vigo, Belén; Picó, F. Xavier; Martı́nez-Zapater, José M.; Alonso‐Blanco, Carlos

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02518.x

Cited by 33 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…Our data shows that wild rocket does not respond to vernalization neither as seed nor as four week old plants, at either 4 °C or 10 °C. Vernalization of vernalization-responsive Arabidopsis accessions results in a large difference in flowering time between non-vernalized plants and vernalized plants, which flower much earlier (Sanchez-Bermejo et al, 2012), and if wild rocket has a vernalization requirement, we would expect to see similar large differences in bolting time. Although there is a small decrease in the mean number of days to bolt after vernalizing wild rocket seed for one week at 4 °C, it clearly doesn’t satisfy a putative vernalization requirement as longer periods of vernalization of two or four weeks at 4 °C resulted in a later bolting time (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FLC expression is down-regulated by cold treatment in Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket), but flowering time is unaffected

Taylor

Massiah

Kennedy

et al. 2017

Journal of Plant Physiology

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Wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) has become a very popular salad leaf due to its peppery taste. It is part of the Brassicaceae family and thus has a high level of homology at the DNA level to other Brassica species including Arabidopsis thaliana. The vernalization and photoperiodic requirements of wild rocket have not been reported to date. Photoperiodic experiments described here demonstrate that rocket is a facultative long day plant. To investigate the vernalization requirement, both seed and young plants were given vernalization treatments at 4 °C for different lengths of time. A rocket homologue of FLOWERING LOCUS C (DtFLC) was isolated and shown to functionally complement the Arabidopsis FRI+flc3 null mutant. Whilst the expression of DtFLC was significantly reduced after just one week of cold treatment, cold treatments of two to eight weeks had no significant effect on bolting time of wild rocket indicating that rocket does not have a vernalization requirement. These findings illustrate that important fundamental differences can exist between model and crop plant species, such as in this case where down-regulation of DtFLC expression does not enable earlier flowering in wild rocket as it does in Arabidopsis and many other Brassica species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FLC expression is down-regulated by cold treatment in Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket), but flowering time is unaffected

Taylor

Massiah

Kennedy

et al. 2017

Journal of Plant Physiology

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“…Although several studies have investigated natural variation in vernalization response in Arabidopsis , several of these studies have revealed variation at FRI , FLC , or loci interacting with these loci accounted for much of the observed variation (Shindo et al , 2006; Strange et al , 2011; Coustham et al , 2012; Sanchez-Bermejo et al , 2012). While some additional loci have been identified (Sanchez-Bermejo et al , 2012), little is known about the identity or function of other loci or how these loci function in the context of existing vernalization pathways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While some additional loci have been identified (Sanchez-Bermejo et al , 2012), little is known about the identity or function of other loci or how these loci function in the context of existing vernalization pathways. One such locus FLOWERING H ( FLH ) was identified in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from crosses of the Landsberg erecta (L er ) accession with the Cape Verdi Islands (CVI) accession (Alonso-Blanco et al , 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acceleration of flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana by Cape Verde Islands alleles of FLOWERING H is dependent on the floral promoter FD

Seedat¹,

Dinsdale²,

Ong³

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Botany

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Flowering time in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated by both external environmental signals and internal developmental pathways. Natural variation at the FLOWERING H (FLH) locus has previously been described, with alleles present in the Cape Verde Islands accession causing early flowering, particularly after vernalization. The mechanism of FLH-induced early flowering is not understood. Here, the integration of FLH activity into the known flowering time pathways is described using molecular and genetic approaches. The identification of molecular markers that co-segregated with the FLH locus allowed the generation of multiple combinations of FLH alleles with mutations in flowering time genes in different flowering pathways. Combining an early flowering FLH allele with mutations in vernalization pathway genes that regulate FLC expression revealed that FLH appears to act in parallel to FLC. Surprisingly, the early flowering allele of FLH requires the floral integrator FD, but not FT, to accelerate flowering. This suggests a model in which some alleles of FLH are able to affect the FD-dependent activity of the floral activator complex.

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“…Michaels et al, 2003;Sánchez-Bermejo et al, 2012). For instance, European Arabidopsis accessions segregate for five major FLC haplotypes, two associated with rapid vernalization and three associated with slow vernalization (Coustham et al, 2012;Li et al, 2014Li et al, , 2015.…”

Section: Diversity In How Long Winter Needs To Be Experiencedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing Responses to Changing Seasons: Natural Variation in the Plasticity of Flowering Time

Blackman

2016

Plant Physiol.

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For plants that live in seasonally changing environments, timing is everything. Matching developmental transitions with the best times of year for growth and reproduction is necessary to maintain high fitness. Consequently, plants employ many mechanisms to sense and integrate multiple predictive seasonal cues to regulate their major developmental shifts. As the annual timing with which the growing season starts and ends changes across the landscape, natural selection has led to the evolution of the mechanisms that regulate the developmental plasticity of flowering among populations or varieties of species and crop plants that inhabit broad geographic ranges. There has been significant recent progress in describing the diversity of this variation in flowering time plasticity and in identifying the specific genetic changes responsible. Such work is an essential step toward understanding the processes that have shaped current and past adaptation, managing genetic diversity and improving crops in the face of climate change, and forecasting how populations may respond plastically and evolutionarily to future environmental challenges. In this Update, I review the findings of recent studies of natural variation in the plasticity of flowering to photoperiod, vernalization, and ambient temperature, and the implications and open questions raised by this work are considered.A fundamental adaptation of plants inhabiting seasonal environments is their ability to match the annual timing of major life history transitions to the local growing season. Most species achieve this synchrony through developmental plasticity. In other words, individuals sense how environmental cues like daylength and temperature change from winter to spring to summer to fall. The information gleaned from these cycles is then integrated molecularly so that germination, flowering, and other key transitions occur during periods favorable for growth, reproduction, and seed set. However, as the climate changes over the 21st century and the relative timing of annual cycles in temperature and precipitation shifts, once adaptive responses will no longer effectively predict the best calendar dates to initiate these essential developmental events (Nicotra et al., 2010;Wilczek et al., 2010). Because natural populations and cultivated landraces of many taxa have evolved to thrive in geographically diverse habitats and climates as their ranges have expanded, they harbor natural variants that may prove instructive in breeding crops and conserving native plant diversity in the face of future environmental challenges. Thus, a critical objective in plant biology is

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Novel natural alleles at FLC and LVR loci account for enhanced vernalization responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

Cited by 33 publications

References 61 publications

FLC expression is down-regulated by cold treatment in Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket), but flowering time is unaffected

FLC expression is down-regulated by cold treatment in Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket), but flowering time is unaffected

Acceleration of flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana by Cape Verde Islands alleles of FLOWERING H is dependent on the floral promoter FD

Changing Responses to Changing Seasons: Natural Variation in the Plasticity of Flowering Time

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