Novel Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Targeting HIV Reservoirs

Abstract

Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is prescribed for HIV infection and, to a certain extent, limits the infection’s spread. However, it cannot completely eradicate the latent virus in remote and cellular reservoir areas, and due to the complex nature of the infection, the total eradication of HIV is difficult to achieve. Furthermore, monotherapy and multiple therapies are not of much help. Hence, there is a dire need for novel drug delivery strategies that may improve efficacy, decrease side effects, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient adherence to therapy. Such a novel strategy could help to target the reservoir sites and eradicate HIV from different biological sanctuaries. In the current review, we have described HIV pathogenesis, the mechanism of HIV replication, and different biological reservoir sites to better understand the underlying mechanisms of HIV spread. Further, the review deliberates on the challenges faced by the current conventional drug delivery systems and introduces some novel drug delivery strategies that have been explored to overcome conventional drug delivery limitations. In addition, the review also summarizes several nanotechnology-based approaches that are being explored to resolve the challenges of HIV treatment by the virtue of delivering a variety of anti-HIV agents, either as combination therapies or by actively targeting HIV reservoir sites.

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“…In another, the nanofiller is added to solvent and the polymer to that mixture. In a third method, the polymer and nanomaterials are dissolved in solvent separately and combined to yield a homogenous mixture [ 182 ]. Of these different approaches, last two are the more preferred methods for inorganic particle dispersion.…”

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“…Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) have been metabolised through cytochrome P450 (CYP) where most of the drugs have been assumed to be CYP inhibitors and inducers. [12] "Novel Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Targeting HIV Reservoirs"…”

“…In case, DRV has been administered by combining it with RTV then it may result in Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) causing liver disorders as well as hypersensitivity reactions. Table 6: Anti-HIV1 drugs delivered to reservoir sites [12] "Liposomes-Based Delivery Systems of Ascorbic Acid" has been witnessed to possess the potential for reducing oxidative stress and also prevent many chronic conditions of HIV. This strategy may assist during the time of oral administration of the respective ARTs [12].…”

“…Table 6: Anti-HIV1 drugs delivered to reservoir sites [12] "Liposomes-Based Delivery Systems of Ascorbic Acid" has been witnessed to possess the potential for reducing oxidative stress and also prevent many chronic conditions of HIV. This strategy may assist during the time of oral administration of the respective ARTs [12]. In this scenario, there is a requirement for several researchers and also trials to evaluate the effect of vitamin C on the selected disease.…”

Tenofovir-tethered gold nanoparticles as a novel multifunctional long-acting anti-HIV therapy to overcome deficient drug delivery-: an in vivo proof of concept

“…Despite these critical insights on the molecular mechanisms of reservoir formation, inadequate penetration of ARTs into the reservoir sites and their consequent failure to reduce the viral load remain an unmet challenge in the conquest against HIV [ 6 – 8 ]. Over the past decade, harnessing the potential of the cutting-edge science of nanotechnology in anti-HIV therapy has become an attractive proposition [ 9 ]. Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) utilizing nanomaterials are being developed as high payload, single-dose systems to boost the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ARTs (nano-ART).…”