Novel molecular, cytotoxical, and immunological study on promising and selective anticancer activity of Mung bean sprouts

Abstract

BackgroundThe anticancer and immunomodulatory activity of mung bean sprouts (MBS) and the underlying mechanisms against human cervical and hepatocarcinoma cancer cells were explored.MethodsMBS cytotoxicity and MBS-induced anticancer cytokines, TNF-α and IFN-β from cancer cells, and immunological cytokines, IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-10 from peripheral mononuclear cells (PMNC) were assessed by MTS and ELISA assays. Apoptotic cells were investigated by flow cytometry. The expression level of apoptotic genes (Bax, BCL-2, Capsases 7–9) and cell cycle regulatory genes (cyclin D, E, and A) and tumor suppressor proteins (p27, p21, and p53) was assessed by real-time qPCR in the cancer cells treated with extract IC50.ResultsThe cytotoxicity on normal human cells was significantly different from HeLa and HepG2 cells, 163.97 ± 5.73, 13.3 ± 0.89, and 14.04 ± 1.5 mg/ml, respectively. The selectivity index (SI) was 12.44 ± 0.83 for HeLa and 11.94 ± 1.2 for HepG2 cells. Increased levels of TNF-α and IFN-β were observed in the treated HeLa and HepG2 culture supernatants when compared with untreated cells. MBS extract was shown to be an immunopolarizing agent by inducing IFNγ and inhibiting IL-4 production by PBMC; this leads to triggering of CMI and cellular cytotoxicity. The extract induced apoptosis, in a dose and time dependent manner, in treated HeLa and HepG2, but not in untreated, cells (P < 0.05). The treatment significantly induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 in HeLa cells. The percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase of the treated HeLa cells increased from 62.87 ± 2.1%, in untreated cells, to 80.48 ± 2.97%. Interestingly, MBS IC50 induced the expression of apoptosis and tumor suppressor related genes in both HeLa and HepG2 cells. MBS extract succeeded in inducing cdk-inhibitors, p21, p53, and p27 in HeLa cells while it induced only p53 in HepG2 cells (P < 0.05). This is a clue for the cell type- specific interaction of the studied extract. These proteins inhibit the cyclin-cdk complexes apart from the presence of some other components that might stimulate some cyclins such as cyclin E, A, and D.ConclusionMBS extract was shown to be a potent anticancer agent granting new prospects of anticancer therapy using natural products.

Apoptosis Induction byPolygonum minusIs Related to Antioxidant Capacity, Alterations in Expression of Apoptotic-Related Genes, and S-Phase Cell Cycle Arrest in HepG2 Cell Line

“…This is important as selectivity of extract towards cancer cells without effect on normal cells is crucial to ensure that nontarget cells are not affected by treatment so as to gain optimal therapeutic effects with minimal adverse effects. Similar views are abundant in the literature [33, 34]. The bioactive compounds in EtOAc crude extract inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells.…”

Synthesis, spectroscopic properties, molecular docking, anti-colon cancer and anti-microbial studies of some novel metal complexes for 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole derivative

“…The significant differences in the compounds' cytotoxicity were supported by the results of the selectivity index (S.I. ), which is the ratio of the concentration that causes 50% death in African green monkey kidney (VERO) (CC 50 ) compared to the concentration that causes 50% death in colon carcinoma cell line (HCT-116) (IC 50 ) [56][57][58].…”

Randomized Anticancer and Cytotoxicity Activities of Guibourtia Coleosperma and Diospyros Chamaethamnus.

“…This is indicated by a selectivity index (SI) by the use of IC50 obtained against cancerous cell lines (anticancer activity) and non-cancerous cell lines (cytotoxicity) (Mahavorasirikul et al, 2010). The SI of a compound or extract reflects its potential usefulness in the treatment of diseases with minimal side effects on normal body cells (Hafidh et al, 2012). In cancer chemotherapy, the search of new therapeutic medicines stems from the lack of selectivity of many existing clinical chemotherapeutic entities, which often results in adverse side effects such as fatigue, nausea, alopecia and others (Gonzalez-Arrigada et al, 2013, Ihbe-Heffinger et al, 2013).…”