“…1,3,9 Lanthanoid cations-modified Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 powders were traditionally synthesized by a solid-state method at around 1000°C, 3,10 which results in that the loss of Bi becomes inevitable. Several alternative chemical synthesis routes have been proposed to reduce the sintering temperature, including hydrolysis method, 11 coprecipitaton method, 12 citrate-gel method, 13 complex polymerization method, 14 sol-gel method, 15 and so on. However, these chemical methods still need an additional calcined process at a temperature of >400°C, which is far from low cost and result in agglomeration, inhomogeneous particle size, and the Bi volatilization of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 pow-ders.…”