Novel lipoprotein density profiling in healthy dogs of various breeds, healthy miniature schnauzers, and miniature schnauzers with hyperlipidemia

Abstract

BackgroundDespite the importance of abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism in clinical canine medicine, the fact that most previously used methods for lipoprotein profiling are rather laborious and time-consuming has been a major obstacle to the wide clinical application and use of lipoprotein profiling in this species. The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility of a continuous lipoprotein density profile (CLPDP) generated within a bismuth sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaBiEDTA) density gradient to characterize and compare the lipoprotein profiles of healthy dogs of various breeds, healthy Miniature Schnauzers, and Miniature Schnauzers with primary hypertriacylglycerolemia. A total of 35 healthy dogs of various breeds with serum triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol concentrations within their respective reference intervals were selected for use as a reference population. Thirty-one Miniature Schnauzers with serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations within their respective reference intervals and 31 Miniature Schnauzers with hypertriacylglyceridemia were also included in the study.ResultsThe results suggest that CLPDP using NaBiEDTA provides unique diagnostic information in addition to measurements of serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations and that it is a useful screening method for dogs with suspected lipoprotein metabolism disorders. Using the detailed and continuous density distribution information provided by the CLPDP, important differences in lipoprotein profiles can be detected even among dogs that have serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations within the reference interval. Miniature Schnauzers with serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations within the reference interval had significantly different lipoprotein profiles than dogs of various other breeds. In addition, it was further established that specific lipoprotein fractions are associated with hypertriacylglyceridemia in Miniature Schnauzers.ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that density gradient ultracentrifugation using NaBiEDTA is a useful screening method for the study of lipoprotein profiles in dogs. Therefore, this method could potentially be used for diagnostic purposes for the separation of dogs suspected of having lipoprotein abnormalities from healthy dogs.

Proteinuria and lipoprotein lipase activity in Miniature Schnauzer dogs with and without hypertriglyceridemia

“…However, Miniature schnauzers have an atypical lipoprotein density profile, independent of whether or not HTG is present (Xenoulis et al, 2013). This suggests that dyslipidemia in the breed is a primary disturbance rather than secondary to renal disease.…”

Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in dogs with naturally occurring pancreatitis and healthy control dogs

“…The methodology used in our study previously was shown to identify 11 distinct lipoprotein fractions in dogs based solely on density characteristics . Because the functional characteristics and composition of most lipoprotein density subfractions in dogs currently are unknown, all density subfractions can only be nominally assigned to traditional functional classes such as low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) or high‐density lipoproteins (HDL).…”

“…Because the functional characteristics and composition of most lipoprotein density subfractions in dogs currently are unknown, all density subfractions can only be nominally assigned to traditional functional classes such as low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) or high‐density lipoproteins (HDL). Thus, density subfraction data are reported as previously described density ranges identified as R1 to R11 where: R1 ( d < 1.017 g/mL), R2 ( d = 1.019‐1.023 g/mL), R3 ( d = 1.023‐1.029 g/mL), R4 ( d = 1.029‐1.039 g/mL), R5 ( d = 1.039‐1.050 g/mL), R6 ( d = 1.050‐1.063 g/mL), R7 ( d = 1.063‐1.091 g/mL), R8 ( d = 1.091‐1.110 g/mL), R9 ( d = 1.110‐1.133 g/mL), R10 ( d = 1.133‐1.156 g/mL), and R11 ( d = 1.156‐1.179 g/mL) . Based on a previously published classification, and based solely on their density characteristics, these fractions could be classified as: triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins (TRL; chylomicrons and very low‐density lipoproteins [VLDL]; d < 1.017 g/mL), LDL 1 ( d = 1.019‐1.023 g/mL), LDL 2 ( d = 1.023‐1.029 g/mL), LDL 3 ( d = 1.029‐1.039 g/mL), LDL 4 ( d = 1.039‐1.050 g/mL), LDL 5 ( d = 1.050‐1.063 g/mL), HDL 2b ( d = 1.063‐1.091 g/mL), HDL 2a ( d = 1.091‐1.110 g/mL), HDL 3a ( d = 1.110‐1.133 g/mL), HDL 3b ( d = 1.133‐1.156 g/mL), and HDL 3c ( d = 1.156‐1.179 g/mL), respectively .…”

Spectrophotometry and Ultracentrifugation for Measurement of Plasma Lipids in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus

“…Manual and automated lipoprotein electrophoresis, density‐gradient ultracentrifugation, various high‐performance liquid chromatography methods, and chemistry analyzers have been used to quantify lipoproteins in dogs. There is currently no established consensus on the gold standard methodology for lipoprotein measurements in dogs . Therefore, it is possible that lipoprotein concentrations measured by a different methodology, such as manual lipoprotein electrophoresis, could yield somewhat different results than those reported in this study.…”