Novel life cycle stages of Colpodella sp. (Apicomplexa) identified using Sam-Yellowe’s trichrome stains and confocal and electron microscopy

Sam‐Yellowe, Tobili Y.; Getty, Troy A.; Addepalli, Kush; Walsh, Aidan M; Williams-Medina, Alberto; Fujioka, Hisashi; Peterson, John W.

doi:10.1007/s10123-021-00175-z

Cited by 4 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For light microscopy, formalin fixed cells were stained with Giemsa, Kinyoun’s carbol fucshin (KCF), and Sam-Yellowe’s trichrome stains [ 5 ]. Giemsa staining differentiates trophozoites of Colpodella sp.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(ATCC 50594) forms cysts that divide to contain more than four juveniles. Cysts containing uneven number of juveniles, as low as three to seven juveniles, were observed [ 5 ]. Division within the cysts of Colpodella sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Division within the cysts of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) were found to be asymmetric and asynchronous, with juveniles having different rates of development within the cysts [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous study, we identified transitional stages of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) in the life cycle [ 5 ]. However, the duration, transformation and timing of life cycle stages remained unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(ATCC 50594) has life cycle stages representative of the known cyst forming Colpodella species. Recently described trichrome staining protocols facilitated differentiation of cyst stages from predator and prey [ 5 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) Life Cycle: Myzocytosis and Possible Links to the Origin of Intracellular Parasitism

et al. 2021

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Colpodella species are free living bi-flagellated protists that prey on algae and bodonids in a process known as myzocytosis. Colpodella species are phylogenetically related to Apicomplexa. We investigated the life cycle of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) to understand the timing, duration and the transition stages of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594). Sam-Yellowe’s trichrome stains for light microscopy, confocal and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy was performed to identify cell morphology and determine cross reactivity of Plasmodium species and Toxoplasma gondii specific antibodies against Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) proteins. The ultrastructure of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The duration of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) life cycle is thirty-six hours. Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) were most active between 20–28 h. Myzocytosis is initiated by attachment of the Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) pseudo-conoid to the cell surface of Parabodo caudatus, followed by an expansion of microtubules at the attachment site and aspiration of the prey’s cytoplasmic contents. A pre-cyst formed at the conclusion of feeding differentiates into a transient or resting cyst. Both DIC and TEM microscopy identified asynchronous and asymmetric mitosis in Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) cysts. Knowledge of the life cycle and stages of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) will provide insights into the development of intracellular parasitism among the apicomplexa.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Division within the cysts of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) were found to be asymmetric and asynchronous, with juveniles having different rates of development within the cysts [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) Life Cycle: Myzocytosis and Possible Links to the Origin of Intracellular Parasitism

et al. 2021

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Sam-Yellowe’s Trichrome Staining Identifies Life Cycle Stages of Opportunistic Free-Living Colpodellids

Sam-Yellowe,

Salti,

Adeloye

2024

Preprint

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The colpodellids consist of free-living predatory protists phylogenetically related to pathogenic Apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium species, Cryptosporidium sp. and Toxoplasma gondii. Among the colpodellids, Colpodella species prey on bodonids, algae, and ciliates. Voromonas pontica preys on Percolomonas species. In the past decade, Colpodella species have been reported to cause opportunistic infections in humans and animals, and having the potential for zoonotic infections in humans due to the presence of Colpodella species in ticks. In the reported cases, transmission and pathogenic stages of Col-podella were not identified by light microscopy. In the colpodellid V. pontica, cyst stages of both the pred-ator and its prey Percolomonas cosmopolitus have not been identified by light microscopy. In this study we evaluated the dye components used for Sam-Yellowe’s trichrome staining, from different major vendors to determine the consistency and reproducibility of the staining protocol to aid the use of the staining proto-col for diagnosis. We show that although slight variations in the color of the stained cells are obtained, life cycle stages of Colpodella ATCC 50594 could be clearly identified, regardless of the vendor used. For the first time, Sam-Yellowe’s trichrome staining series, could identify cysts of V. pontica and its prey, demonstrating that the staining protocol can identify life cycle stages of other colpodellids. Sam-Yellowe's trichrome staining will aid molecular diagnosis of infections caused by colpodellids in human and ani-mals, identify colpodellids in ticks and flies and from environmental samples, when used for staining.

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Fluorescent Nanoparticle Uptake by Myzocytosis and Endocytosis in Colpodella sp. ATCC 50594

Sam-Yellowe,

Asraf,

Peterson

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) is a free-living biflagellate predator closely related to pathogenic Apicomplexa such as Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma gondii. Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) obtain nutrients by preying on Parabodo caudatus using myzocytosis. The organization of the myzocytic apparatus and the mechanism of nutrient uptake into the posterior food vacuole of Colpodella species is unknown. In this study, we investigated myzocytosis using light and transmission electron microscopy. We investigated the uptake of 40 nm and 100 nm fluorescent nanoparticles and E. coli BioParticles by Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) in a diprotist culture. Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of the tubular tether formed during myzocytosis. E. coli BioParticles were taken up by P. caudatus but not by Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594). Both protists took up the 100 nm and 40 nm beads, which were observed distributed in the cytoplasm of free unattached Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) trophozoites, and also in feeding Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) trophozoites and in the pre-cysts. Fragments of the nucleus and kinetoplast of P. caudatus and the nanoparticles were identified in the tubular tether being aspirated into the posterior food vacuole of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594). Unattached Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) endocytose nutrients from the culture medium independently from myzocytosis. The mechanisms of myzocytosis and endocytosis among Colpodella species may provide important insights into nutrient uptake among the pathogenic apicomplexans.

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Novel life cycle stages of Colpodella sp. (Apicomplexa) identified using Sam-Yellowe’s trichrome stains and confocal and electron microscopy

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) Life Cycle: Myzocytosis and Possible Links to the Origin of Intracellular Parasitism

Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) Life Cycle: Myzocytosis and Possible Links to the Origin of Intracellular Parasitism

Sam-Yellowe’s Trichrome Staining Identifies Life Cycle Stages of Opportunistic Free-Living Colpodellids

Fluorescent Nanoparticle Uptake by Myzocytosis and Endocytosis in Colpodella sp. ATCC 50594

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