Novel Insights Into the Immune-Regulatory Functions of Mast Cells in the Cutaneous Immune Response

Abstract

Skin is a frontline organ that is continuously exposed to external stimuli, including pathogens. Various immune cells reside in the skin under physiological conditions and protect the body from the entry of pathogens/antigens by interacting with each other and orchestrating diverse cutaneous immune responses. To avoid unnecessary inflammation and tissue damage during the elimination of external pathogens and antigens, skin possesses regulatory systems that fine-tune these immune reactions. Mast cells (MCs) are one of the skin-resident immune cell populations that play both effector and regulatory functions in the cutaneous immune response. So far, the interleukin-10-mediated mechanisms have mostly been investigated as the regulatory mechanisms of MCs. Recent studies have elucidated other regulatory mechanisms of MCs, such as the maintenance of regulatory T/B cells and the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1-mediated inhibitory pathway. These regulatory pathways of MCs have been suggested to play important roles in limiting the excessive inflammation in inflammatory skin diseases, such as contact and atopic dermatitis. The regulatory functions of MCs may also be involved in the escape mechanisms of antitumor responses in skin cancers, such as melanoma. Understanding and controlling the regulatory functions of skin MCs may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for inflammatory skin diseases and skin cancers.

Immune regulation and prognosis indicating ability of a newly constructed multi-genes containing signature in clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

“…CD4(+) T memory cells have already been reported to confer vital functions on malignancy immune regulation, including participating in the activation of CD8 + T and NK killing cells, involving in the tumour immunological reactions [56,57]. And mast cells were reported to be able to not only in uence tumor expansion via inducing angiogenesis and changing tumor extracellular matrix composition, but also could in uence the in ltration and activity of dendritic cells, tumor-associated macrophages and lymphocytes, promoting pro-in ammatory reactions in tumor microenvironment [43,58,59]. The association between the signature and immune checkpoints expression as well as different immune cells in ltration, suggesting the stronger immunosuppressive environment in high-risk groups of patients comparing to low-risk group, highlighting the potential of this group to bene t from further clinical immunotherapy.…”

Immune regulation and prognosis indicating ability of a newly constructed multi-genes containing signature in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

“…CD4( +) T memory cells have already been reported to confer vital functions on malignancy immune regulation, including participating in the activation of CD8 + T and NK killing cells, involving in the tumour immunological reactions [ 60 , 61 ]. And mast cells were reported to be able to not only influence tumor expansion via inducing angiogenesis and changing tumor extracellular matrix composition, but also could influence the infiltration and activity of dendritic cells, tumor-associated macrophages and lymphocytes, promoting pro-inflammatory reactions in tumor microenvironment [ 47 , 62 , 63 ]. The association between the signature and immune checkpoints expression as well as different immune cells infiltration, suggesting the stronger immunosuppressive environment in high-risk groups of patients comparing to low-risk group, highlighting the potential of this group to benefit from further clinical immunotherapy.…”

Mast cells in type 2 skin inflammation: Maintenance and function

“…MCs play various roles in the skin and are involved in many cutaneous diseases [7,8]. MC degranulation in the skin upon crosslinking allergen-specific IgE on Fc causes urticaria that is observed during type I hypersensitivity.…”