Novel insight into the lipid network of plasma extracellular vesicles reveal sex-based differences in the lipidomic profile of alcohol use disorder patients

Abstract

Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, with the consumption of alcohol considered a leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide. Lipids play a crucial functional role in cell membranes; however, we know little about the role of lipids in extracellular vesicles (EVs) as regulatory molecules and disease biomarkers. Methods We employed a sensitive lipidomic strategy to characterize lipid species from the plasma EVs of AUD patients to evaluate functional roles and enzymatic activity networks to improve the knowledge of lipid metabolism after alcohol consumption. We analyzed plasma EV lipids from AUD females and males and healthy individuals to highlight lipids with differential abundance and biologically interpreted lipidomics data using LINEX2, which evaluates enzymatic dysregulation using an enrichment algorithm. Results Our results show, for the first time, that AUD females exhibited more significant substrate-product changes in lysophosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylcholine lipids and phospholipase/acyltransferase activity, which are potentially linked to cancer progression and neuroinflammation. Conversely, AUD males suffer from dysregulated ceramide and sphingomyelin lipids involving sphingomyelinase, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, and sphingomyelin synthase activity, which relates to hepatotoxicity. Notably, the analysis of plasma EVs from AUD females and males demonstrates enrichment of lipid ontology terms associated with “negative intrinsic curvature” and “positive intrinsic curvature”, respectively. Conclusions Our methodological developments support an improved understanding of lipid metabolism and regulatory mechanisms, which contribute to the identification of novel lipid targets and the discovery of sex-specific clinical biomarkers in AUD.

Proteomic Profiling of Plasma- and Gut-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Obesity

“…Although studies of gender impact on EV content are scarce and report inconsistent information, some have reported gender-related differences in protein, lipid, and RNA composition, and in physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, the exclusive use of male mice limits the generalizability of our findings [ 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ]. Consistent with findings from human studies [ 72 ], we observed an increase in the number of plasma EVs under obesity conditions ( Figure 1 ).…”