Novel Indoor Residual Spray Insecticide With Extended Mortality Effect: A Case of SumiShield 50WG Against Wild Resistant Populations of <i>Anopheles arabiensis</i> in Northern Tanzania

Kweka, Eliningaya J.; Mahande, Aneth M; Ouma, Johnson O.; Karanja, Wycliffe; Msangi, Shandala; Temba, Violet; Lyaruu, Lucille; Himeidan, Yousif E.

doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-18-00213

Cited by 28 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The 24h mortality of young (2-5 days) and old (13-26 days) laboratory-reared mosquitoes that were exposed to walls sprayed with SumiShield TM 50WG, was consistently below the WHO threshold of 80% [15] for both cement and mud-plastered surfaces. These findings corroborate previous studies that have documented the delayed killing effect of SumiShield TM 50WG [16,[30][31][32] and confirm that its active ingredient, clothianidin, is slow acting. Clothianidin is a neonicotinoid and acts on the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor [33], which in turn causes systemic toxicity upon contact and poison the mosquito gut [34,35].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Having said that, SumiShield TM 50WG is a welcome product in Mozambicans vector control tool kit, as its residual efficacy is longer than that of other products [16,18,55,56], and it is a product that can be used in rotation with products containing a different active ingredient to slow down the emergence and spread of insecticide…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The active ingredient in this third generation IRS product is clothianidin, belonging to the chemical class neonicotinoides. It has been shown to retain its bio-efficacy for much longer compared to other IRS products [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of wall type, delayed mortality and mosquito age on the residual efficacy of a clothianidin-based indoor residual spray formulation (SumiShield™ 50WG) in southern Mozambique

Martí-Soler¹,

Máquina²,

Opiyo³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is one of the main malaria vector control strategies in Mozambique alongside the distribution of insecticide treated nets. As part of the national insecticide resistance management strategy, Mozambique introduced SumiShield TM 50WG, a third generation IRS product, in 2018. Its residual efficacy was assessed in southern Mozambique during the 2018-2019 malaria season. Methods: Two different wall surfaces, cement and mud-plastered surfaces, daily mosquito mortality up to 120 hours post-exposure, and older mosquitoes (13-26d old) were included in standard WHO (World Health Organization) cone bioassay tests. Lethal times (LT) 90, LT50 and LT10 were estimated using Bayesian models. Results: Mortality 24h post exposure was consistently below 80%, the current WHO threshold value for effective IRS, in both young and old mosquitoes, regardless of wall surface type. Considering delayed mortality, residual efficacies (mosquito mortality equal or greater than 80%) ranged from 1 to ≥12 months, with the duration depending on mortality time post exposure, wall type and mosquito age. Looking at mortality 72h after exposure, residual efficacy was between 6 and 9 months, depending on wall type and mosquito age. Mortality of older mosquitoes was significantly higher on mud-surfaces compared to cemented-surfaces 24h post exposure, but this difference was not significant for the delayed mortalities. The LT 50 and LT 10 (i.e. 90% of the mosquitoes survive exposure to the insecticides) values were consistently higher for older mosquitoes using the 24h post-exposure observations and ranged from 0.2 to 5.7 months and 0.2 to 7.2 months for LT50 and LT10, respectively. Conclusions: The present study highlights the need for assessing mosquito mortality beyond the currently recommended 24h post exposure. Failure to do so may lead to underestimation of the residual efficacy of IRS products, as delayed mortality will lead to a further reduction in mosquito vector populations and potentially negatively impact disease transmission. Monitoring residual efficacy on relevant wall surfaces, including old mosquitoes that are ultimately responsible for malaria transmission, and assessing delayed mortalities are critical to provide accurate and actionable data to guide vector control programmes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of wall type, delayed mortality and mosquito age on the residual efficacy of a clothianidin-based indoor residual spray formulation (SumiShield™ 50WG) in southern Mozambique

Martí-Soler¹,

Máquina²,

Opiyo³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…However, there are new insecticide classes and insecticide mixtures that have shown potential for replacing DDT, which is the current gold standard. [18,19] The main drawback of the new insecticides is the cost of purchasing them as well as their application. Drug resistance is also on the increase, beginning in the early 1980s with resistance to chloroquine, followed by resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the mid-to late 1990s.…”

Section: Insecticide and Drug Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Rolling back malaria in Africa – challenges and opportunities to winning the elimination battle.

et al. 2019

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This open-access article is distributed under Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC 4.0. A high-level review was conducted of the literature pertaining to the challenges and opportunities for eliminating malaria on the African continent. Although malaria mortality and morbidity are on the decline, the disease remains one of public health importance. Africa has invariably borne the brunt of the disease, recording the highest number of cases and deaths. However, with greater emphasis being placed on the disease by the international community, partnerships have developed to boost malaria elimination efforts on the continent. One such initiative is the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) partnership which aims to facilitate malaria elimination through increasing resources and awareness. Many cross-border initiatives have been established which treat malaria as a regional problem rather than a country-specific one. Accelerated malaria control efforts have led to a 37% decrease in cases and 60% reduction in deaths. Multi-country efforts have resulted in marked reductions of transmission in the region. Although there have been noteworthy gains in curtailing the disease, new challenges have arisen. The main among these are residual malaria and outdoor biting. One of the main drivers of residual malaria is insecticide resistance. Adding to the burden of residual transmission is the discovery of new vectors that may exist at low densities. To exacerbate these issues is the challenge of malaria imported from high-to low-transmission areas. Nevertheless, compared with the historical picture, we are winning the battle against malaria. Countries in Africa are being certified malaria-free. Partnerships have been developed to take forward the RBM Global Malaria Action Plan. Elimination agendas can only be successful if funding remains sustainable, with greater reliance on domestic funding.

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“…The active ingredient in this third generation IRS product is clothianidin, belonging to the chemical class neonicotinoids. It has been shown to retain its bio-efficacy for much longer compared to other IRS products [ 16 ]. However, no information exists on how this product performs on different wall surfaces in southern Mozambique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of wall type, delayed mortality and mosquito age on the residual efficacy of a clothianidin-based indoor residual spray formulation (SumiShield™ 50WG) in southern Mozambique

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is one of the main malaria vector control strategies in Mozambique alongside the distribution of insecticide treated nets. As part of the national insecticide resistance management strategy, Mozambique introduced SumiShield™ 50WG, a third generation IRS product, in 2018. Its residual efficacy was assessed in southern Mozambique during the 2018–2019 malaria season. Using a susceptible Anopheles arabiensis strain, residual efficacy was assessed on two different wall surfaces, cement and mud-plastered walls, using standard WHO (World Health Organization) cone bioassay tests at three different heights. Female mosquitoes of two age groups (2–5 and 13–26 day old) were exposed for 30 minutes, after which mortality was observed 24h, 48h, 72h, and 96h and 120h post-exposure to assess (delayed) mortality. Lethal times (LT) 90, LT50 and LT10 were estimated using Bayesian models. Mortality 24h post exposure was consistently below 80%, the current WHO threshold value for effective IRS, in both young and old mosquitoes, regardless of wall surface type. Considering delayed mortality, residual efficacies (mosquito mortality equal or greater than 80%) ranged from 1.5 to ≥12.5 months, with the duration depending on mortality time post exposure, wall type and mosquito age. Looking at mortality 72h after exposure, residual efficacy was between 6.5 and 9.5 months, depending on wall type and mosquito age. The LT50 and LT10 (i.e. 90% of the mosquitoes survive exposure to the insecticides) values were consistently higher for older mosquitoes (except for LT10 values for 48h and 72h post-exposure mortality) and ranged from 0.9 to 5.8 months and 0.2 to 7.8 months for LT50 and LT10, respectively. The present study highlights the need for assessing mosquito mortality beyond the currently recommended 24h post exposure. Failure to do so may lead to underestimation of the residual efficacy of IRS products, as delayed mortality will lead to a further reduction in mosquito vector populations and potentially negatively impact disease transmission. Monitoring residual efficacy on relevant wall surfaces, including old mosquitoes that are ultimately responsible for malaria transmission, and assessing delayed mortalities are critical to provide accurate and actionable data to guide vector control programmes.

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Novel Indoor Residual Spray Insecticide With Extended Mortality Effect: A Case of SumiShield 50WG Against Wild Resistant Populations of Anopheles arabiensis in Northern Tanzania

Abstract: The new SumiShield 50WG insecticide, which possibly has longer duration of effectiveness than other indoor residual spray (IRS) formulations, has potential as an alternative IRS product for malaria vector control, particularly where resistance to other formulations has developed.

Cited by 28 publications

References 34 publications

Effect of wall type, delayed mortality and mosquito age on the residual efficacy of a clothianidin-based indoor residual spray formulation (SumiShield™ 50WG) in southern Mozambique

Effect of wall type, delayed mortality and mosquito age on the residual efficacy of a clothianidin-based indoor residual spray formulation (SumiShield™ 50WG) in southern Mozambique

Rolling back malaria in Africa – challenges and opportunities to winning the elimination battle.

Effect of wall type, delayed mortality and mosquito age on the residual efficacy of a clothianidin-based indoor residual spray formulation (SumiShield™ 50WG) in southern Mozambique

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