Novel immunogenomic insights of corona virus disease (COVID-19): Available potential immunotherapeutics, current challenges, immune cell recognition and ongoing managerial strategies

Abstract

The emerging Corona virus strain (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)) harbors intricate in the development of corona virus infection (COVID-19)-induced pneumonia and subsequently ameliorates lung infection. Genome sequence and interventions reveal proximal resemblance of corona virus strain COVID-19 with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), transmittable to bats, suggesting similar primary hosts in the spread of infection. However, potential rapid human-to-human transmission has caused therapeutic challenges in treating a wide range of humans suffering from corona virus all over the world. However, up to now, no direct vaccines or antiviral drugs are available to treat COVID-19. Previously designed antiviral drugs and convalescent plasma are undergoing investigations as treatment for COVID-19 infected patients. Therapeutic challenges with regards to COVID-19 have prompted scientists to develop fruitful remedies to combat the pathogen. In this review, we address the role of current ongoing therapeutic strategies, , and complex mechanisms of adaptive immune system (B and T cells) to respond to viruses. Furthermore, we illustrate the current challenges in the treatment of COVID-19, managerial strategies, and ongoing and future perspectives.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 targeted antibodies cocktail and B cell receptor interplay: interventions to trigger vaccine development

“…The novel coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has been reported from Wuhan with remarkable consequences and has spread worldwide, creating alarming situations [1][2][3]. Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reveals proximity with β subgroup [4], placed in Coronaviridae family [5]. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 shows a higher tendency to bind human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (hACE2) in contrast to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) to induce lungs infection [6].…”

“…Intriguing genome mapping reveals 79.6% identity features between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV [8]. Following the tremendous increase in death toll and severity of the disease, healthcare emergencies have posed an urgent call for developing vaccines, suitable drug candidates, and high-affinity antibodies (Abs) to combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [5,[9][10][11][12]. At present, several antiviral drugs (remdesivir, umifenovir, lponavir, ritonavir) alone or in combination with antimalarial (chloroquine) and antibacterial are repurposed to achieve therapeutic efficacy [1,[13][14][15].…”

“…Antiviral immunity emerged through the intricate association between the Ag and APCs through delicate interactions confronted through external projections and dendrites of in vivo APCs [5]. Following viral infection, bridge cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) are infiltrated at the infection tropism to combat infection [27].…”

“…Following viral infection, bridge cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) are infiltrated at the infection tropism to combat infection [27]. Major histocompatibility complex class (MHC)I molecules are required for the efficient processing and presentation of exogenous invading Ags to B cells [5], which results in humoral immune responses and activation of CD8 + T cells [5]. However, sophisticated mechanisms achieved through collective contributions of interferons (IFNs) and interleukins (IL), including IFNs, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-33, constrain viral replication and further assassinate virus-infected cells [28,29].…”

“…Following BCR interactions with SARS-CoV-2 structural Ags, BCRs undergo series of signal transduction events [20]. These events lead to several well-ordered molecular events, including isotype class switching, affinity maturation, and Ab production against SARS-CoV-2 [5,20,21]. BCR's intricate, methodical configuration reveals efficient capability to translate the external physical, chemical, and antigenic cues and harbor sophisticated mechanisms of generating chemical signal entities to reshape the immune mechanism [22,26].…”