Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Viruses in the Netherlands

Xu, Yifei

doi:10.3201/eid2407.180635

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

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“…Usually viruses would possess a single arginine on its cleavage site, indicating low pathogenicity [38]. All H5Nx viruses share the consensus multibasic amino acid sequence of -RRRKR/G- at the HA cleavage site between HA1 and HA2, suggesting that these subtypes are highly pathogenic [12,24,25,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48].…”

Section: Emergence Of H5nxmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx

et al. 2019

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Reassortment events among influenza viruses occur naturally and may lead to the development of new and different subtypes which often ignite the possibility of an influenza outbreak. Between 2008 and 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 of the N1 subtype from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD) lineage generated novel reassortants by introducing other neuraminidase (NA) subtypes reported to cause most outbreaks in poultry. With the extensive divergence of the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of documented viruses, the WHO/FAO/OIE H5 Evolutionary Working Group clustered these viruses into a systematic and unified nomenclature of clade 2.3.4.4 currently known as “H5Nx” viruses. The rapid emergence and circulation of these viruses, namely, H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, H5N8, and the regenerated H5N1, are of great concern based on their pandemic potential. Knowing the evolution and emergence of these novel reassortants helps to better understand their complex nature. The eruption of reports of each H5Nx reassortant through time demonstrates that it could persist beyond its usual seasonal activity, intensifying the possibility of these emerging viruses’ pandemic potential. This review paper provides an overview of the emergence of each novel HPAI H5Nx virus as well as its current epidemiological distribution.

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Section: Emergence Of H5nxmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx

et al. 2019

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Genetic diversity, phylogeography, and evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) viruses

et al. 2020

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From 2013 onwards, the spread of novel H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in China has posed great threats to not only poultry industry but also human health. Since late-2016 in particular, frequent outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAI viruses among wild birds have promoted viral dissemination in South Korea, Japan, and European countries. In response to those trends, we conducted molecular genetic analysis of global clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses in order to characterize spatio-temporal patterns of viral diffusion and genetic diversity among wild birds and poultry. The clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses were classified into three groups (Group B, C, and D). During the cocirculation of Group C/D H5N6 viruses from 2013 to 2017, viral movements occurred between close or adjacent regions of China, Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan. In addition, viral migration rates from Guangdong and Hunan to multiple adjacent provinces seemed to have been highly supported by transmission routes (Bayes Factors >100), suggesting that southern China was an epicentre for the spread of H5N6 viruses in poultry during that period. Since the introduction of H5N6 viruses originating in wild birds in late-2016, evolving H5N6 viruses have lost most previous genotypes (e.g. G1, G2, and G1.2), whereas some prevailing genotypes (e.g. G1.1, G1.1.b, and G3) in aquatic birds have been dominated, and in particular, the effective population size of H5N6 originating in wild birds dramatically increased; however, the population size of poultry-origin H5N6 viruses declined during the same period, indicating that wild bird migration might accelerate the genetic diversity of H5N6 viruses. Phylogeographic approaches revealed that two independent paths of H5N6 viruses into South Korea and Japan from 2016 to 2018 and provided evidence of Group B and Group C H5N6 viruses were originated from Europe and China, respectively, as regions located in the East Asia–Australian migration flyway, which accelerated the genetic variability and dissemination. Altogether, our study provides insights to examine time of origin, evolutionary rate, diversification patterns, and phylogeographical approach of global clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAI viruses for assessing their evolutionary process and dissemination pathways.

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Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Viruses in the Netherlands

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx

The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx

Genetic diversity, phylogeography, and evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) viruses

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