Novel Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Viruses in Wild Birds, Washington, USA, 2014

Ip, Hon S.; Torchetti, Mia Kim; Crespo, Rocio; Kohrs, Paul; DeBruyn, Paul; Mansfield, Kristin; Baszler, Timothy V.; Badcoe, L.M.; Bodenstein, Barbara; Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie I.; Killian, Mary Lea; Pedersen, Janice C.; Hines, Nichole; Gidlewski, Thomas; DeLiberto, Thomas J.; Sleeman, Jonathan M.

doi:10.3201/eid2105.142020

Cited by 200 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…There is good agreement with the previous studies of the sporadic US sequences but the results are less clear for the recent Eurasian outbreak and its sub-sequent spread to North America (16,26). Sequences from that outbreak have been classified into two groups based on the hemagglutinin gene segment, Gochang and Buan (25).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Rapid lineage assignment for the influenza A internal genes

Dalby

Tinworth

Bhat

et al. 2017

Preprint

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The hemagglutinin subtypes from Influenza A can be divided into distinct lineages. This is important for tracing the evolutionary history of the gene. It allows regional lineages to be identified and studied. The process of lineage identification depends on phylogenetic analysis to identify the distinct clades within the data.Identification of lineages within the Influenza Internal genes would help to simplify the analysis of reassortment where these genes are transferred between subtypes. In this paper we show that a rapid clustering method can be used to assign lineages to the internal gene segments without the need for a full phylogenetic analysis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Rapid lineage assignment for the influenza A internal genes

Dalby

Tinworth

Bhat

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…The anti-N8 antibodies generated by our fusion also showed a very broad binding profile; over half of the isolated MAbs exhibited binding to both the North American and the Eurasian N8 lineages. Importantly, we found strong reactivity to potential pandemic viruses like H3N8, which caused a severe outbreak in harbor seals in New England in 2012, as well as against the N8 NA of the newly emerging, highly pathogenic H5N8 viruses (26,30,31,36,37). The H3N8 subtype is also important, since it was speculated to be the cause of a human pandemic in 1889 (38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Hemagglutinin Stalk- and Neuraminidase-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Protect against Lethal H10N8 Influenza Virus Infection in Mice

Wohlbold

Chromikova

Tan

et al. 2016

J Virol

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Between November 2013 and February 2014, China reported three human cases of H10N8 influenza virus infection in the Jiangxi province, two of which were fatal. Using hybridoma technology, we isolated a panel of H10-and N8-directed monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and further characterized the binding reactivity of these antibodies (via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to a range of purified virus and recombinant protein substrates. The H10-directed MAbs displayed functional hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralization activity, and the N8-directed antibodies displayed functional neuraminidase inhibition (NI) activity against H10N8. Surprisingly, the HI-reactive H10 antibodies, as well as a previously generated, group 2 hemagglutinin (HA) stalk-reactive antibody, demonstrated NI activity against H10N8 and an H10N7 strain; this phenomenon was absent when virus was treated with detergent, suggesting the anti-HA antibodies inhibited neuraminidase enzymatic activity through steric hindrance. We tested the prophylactic efficacy of one representative H10-reactive, N8-reactive, and group 2 HA stalk-reactive antibody in vivo using a BALB/c challenge model. All three antibodies were protective at a high dose (5 mg/kg). At a low dose (0.5 mg/kg), only the anti-N8 antibody prevented weight loss. Together, these data suggest that antibody targets other than the globular head domain of the HA may be efficacious in preventing influenza virus-induced morbidity and mortality. IMPORTANCEAvian H10N8 and H10N7 viruses have recently crossed the species barrier, causing morbidity and mortality in humans and other mammals. Although these reports are likely isolated incidents, it is possible that more cases may emerge in future winter seasons, similar to H7N9. Furthermore, regular transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans increases the risk of adaptive mutations and reassortment events, which may result in a novel virus with pandemic potential. Currently, no specific therapeutics or vaccines are available against the H10N8 influenza virus subtype. We generated a panel of H10-and N8-reactive MAbs. Although these antibodies may practically be developed into therapeutic agents, characterizing the protective potential of MAbs that have targets other than the HA globular head domain will provide insight into novel antibody-mediated mechanisms of protection and help to better understand correlates of protection for influenza A virus infection. R ecently, avian influenza A viruses of the H10 subtype have been reported to infect seals and humans and have generated concern over their pandemic potential. Three human cases of H10N8 virus have been reported in China so far, two of which were fatal (1-3). Furthermore, an avian H10N7 strain was found to be the etiological agent responsible for the massive die-off harbor seals in the Baltic Sea, an epidemic that killed more than 10% of the local seal population (4-6). The receptor binding profile of H10 viruses is currently debated (7-12), but the subtype has been proven to cause ...

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“…The novel virus, belonging to Eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4 (formerly clade 2.3.4.6), subsequently spread to China, Japan, and five countries in Europe (6,7). In November 2014, the virus was detected on chicken and turkey farms in British Columbia, Canada, followed by Washington State, USA, the following month (8). The novel H5N8 viruses continue to spread to multiple regions and have been found in three North America flyways (Pacific, Central, and Mississippi), where wild-bird migrations occur (USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service [http://www.aphis.usda.gov]).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, genetic reassortment with circulating North American avian influenza viruses has resulted in novel HPAI viruses, including H5N2 and H5N1 subtypes. These novel reassortant viruses carry a Eurasian-origin hemagglutinin (HA) gene genetically related to H5N8 viruses detected in South Korea in 2014 and the neuraminidase (NA) gene from N8, N2, and N1 subtypes (8) and are collectively referred to as H5Nx. Because these HPAI viruses can be spread by asymptomatic wild birds (9) and cause significant mortality in domestic poultry, they pose significant international trade issues and are a potential risk for public health.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis and Transmission of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N2 and H5N8 Viruses in Ferrets and Mice

Pulit-Penaloza

Sun

Creager

et al. 2015

J Virol

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A novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus, first detected in January 2014 in poultry and wild birds in South Korea, has spread throughout Asia and Europe and caused outbreaks in Canada and the United States by the end of the year. The spread of H5N8 and the novel reassortant viruses, H5N2 and H5N1 (H5Nx), in domestic poultry across multiple states in the United States pose a potential public health risk. To evaluate the potential of cross-species infection, we determined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of two Asian-origin H5Nx viruses in mammalian animal models. The newly isolated H5N2 and H5N8 viruses were able to cause severe disease in mice only at high doses. Both viruses replicated efficiently in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of ferrets; however, the clinical symptoms were generally mild, and there was no evidence of systemic dissemination of virus to multiple organs. Moreover, these influenza H5Nx viruses lacked the ability to transmit between ferrets in a direct contact setting. We further assessed viral replication kinetics of the novel H5Nx viruses in a human bronchial epithelium cell line, Calu-3. Both H5Nx viruses replicated to a level comparable to a human seasonal H1N1 virus, but significantly lower than a virulent Asian-lineage H5N1 HPAI virus. Although the recently isolated H5N2 and H5N8 viruses displayed moderate pathogenicity in mammalian models, their ability to rapidly spread among avian species, reassort, and generate novel strains underscores the need for continued risk assessment in mammals. O n 16 December 2014, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) confirmed the presence of a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in a captive gyrfalcon and H5N2 virus in a northern pintail duck from Whatcom County, Washington (1). This represented the first appearance of HPAI H5 virus in the United States since 2004 when H5N2 subtype virus was confirmed on a poultry farm in Texas (2). HPAI H5N8 viruses were first reported in duck farms in eastern China in 2010, and in early 2014 a novel reassortant H5N8 virus was detected in poultry in South Korea (3-5). The novel virus, belonging to Eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4 (formerly clade 2.3.4.6), subsequently spread to China, Japan, and five countries in Europe (6, 7). In November 2014, the virus was detected on chicken and turkey farms in British Columbia, Canada, followed by Washington State, USA, the following month (8). The novel H5N8 viruses continue to spread to multiple regions and have been found in three North America flyways (Pacific, Central, and Mississippi), where wild-bird migrations occur (USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service [http://www.aphis.usda.gov]). In addition, genetic reassortment with circulating North American avian influenza viruses has resulted in novel HPAI viruses, including H5N2 and H5N1 subtypes. These novel reassortant viruses carry a Eurasian-origin hemagglutinin (HA) gene genetically related to H5N8 viruses detected in South Korea in 2014 and the neura...

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Novel Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Viruses in Wild Birds, Washington, USA, 2014

Cited by 200 publications

References 8 publications

Rapid lineage assignment for the influenza A internal genes

Rapid lineage assignment for the influenza A internal genes

Hemagglutinin Stalk- and Neuraminidase-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Protect against Lethal H10N8 Influenza Virus Infection in Mice

Pathogenesis and Transmission of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N2 and H5N8 Viruses in Ferrets and Mice

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