Novel equipment for testing catalytic cracking and catalyst regeneration with short contact times

Kinetic Modeling of Coke Oxidation of a Ferrierite Catalyst

“…Fung and Querini showed that the methanator is highly sensitive and appropriate for the quantitative analysis of carbon oxides in TPO experiments. Lipia ¨inen et al 9 developed the methanator analysis further by incorporating a CO 2 trap in a split stream methanator unit, thereby obtaining quantitative analysis of the two carbon oxides separately.…”

Modelling of carbon and hydrogen oxidation kinetics of a coked ferrierite catalyst

“…The temperature programmed experimental procedure carried out in situ for each catalyst sample [14] was as follows: a small sample of the coked catalyst (about 10 mg) was maintained at 200 • C for 12 h in helium gas stream to remove adsorbed water. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) was then carried out at a heating rate of 10 • C min −1 up to 500 • C. The sample was maintained at 500 • C until the base output level was reached, and then cooled to 200 • C; after this, TPO (2, 5, 10 or 21 vol.% of O 2 in the feed) was conducted up to 850 • C. Carbon oxides were measured with both methanation equipment [9] and the mass spectrometer, and water was measured with the mass spectrometer. Quantifying of results was based on external calibration, carried out after each TPO step, with calibration gases (CO 0.99 and CO 2 1.99 vol.%, AGA) and water vapour at ambient temperature.…”

“…In their system, CO and CO 2 are converted into methane, which is detected with a flame ionisation detector. If the output from the TPO reactor is split into two streams and CO 2 is removed from one of them, the CO and CO 2 can be measured separately [9][10][11]. After carbon oxides in each stream have been quantified, the concentration of CO 2 can be calculated from the difference between the two results.…”

Simulation of Catalytic Cracking in a Fixed-Fluidized-Bed Unit

“…4 The most common test used for characterization of catalyst cracking is the fixed-bed microactivity test (MAT) 5 with some modifications. [6][7][8] Among many reactor types currently in use for FCC catalyst evaluation, one may cite the pulse reactor, [9][10][11][12] the microbalance pulse reactor, 13 the riser simulator, 14 the microdowner, 15 the transport type continuous reactor, 16,17 and the fixed-fluidized-bed ACE unit. 18,19 In this latter test unit, a vaporized stream of a heavy oil fraction is forced to flow through a fluidized catalyst bed and is partially cracked into lighter oil fractions, particularly into gasoline.…”