Novel Electric Field Sensing Scheme Using Integrated Optics LiNbO3 Unbalanced Mach–Zehnder Interferometers and Optical Delay-Modulation

Gutiérrez‐Martínez, C.; Santos-Aguilar, Joel; Meza-Perez, Jacobo; Morales‐Díaz, Adolfo

doi:10.1109/jlt.2016.2630003

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…As presented above, the UMZI on LNTF can achieve a comparatively large ER and a relatively low EL. Modulation based on the UMZI can also utilize the electro-optic effect of LN, which is important in optical modulators, electric field sensing [24] , on-chip spectrometers, etc.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amplitude modulators based on the balanced MZI structure are ubiquitous and play a significant role in optical switching, processing, and communication [1][2][3][4]7,8,14] . Unbalanced MZIs (UMZIs), on the other hand, can be used to implement wavelength sensitive devices, such as comb filters or interleavers [22] , which have been demonstrated as the key component of sensors, filters, spectrometers in photonics, and neural and network applications [23,24] . UMZIs on LNTF are particularly suitable for such tunable devices, as thermo-optic and electro-optic effects can be easily incorporated into the devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental investigation on the unbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer on lithium niobate thin film

Sun

et al. 2022

Chin. Opt. Lett.

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We design and fabricate an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) via electron beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma etching on lithium niobate thin film. The single unbalanced MZI exhibits a maximum extinction ratio of 32.4 dB and a low extra loss of 1.14 dB at the telecommunication band. Furthermore, tunability of the unbalanced MZI by harnessing the thermo-optic and electro-optic effect is investigated, achieving a linear tuning efficiency of 42.8 pm/°C and 55.2 pm/V, respectively. The demonstrated structure has applications for sensing and filtering in photonic integrated circuits.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation on the unbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer on lithium niobate thin film

Sun

et al. 2022

Chin. Opt. Lett.

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“…This spatial resolution limit goes beyond the limits up-to-date based on similar technologies. In order to complete this work, a comparison of the performances of the EO photonic crystal sensor with sensors based on EO waveguides 51–54 and bulk EO crystals 55–59 has been performed. Table 1 summarizes the achieved permormances of each configuration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ultra wideband-high spatial resolution-compact electric field sensor based on Lab-on-Fiber technology

Calero

Suárez

Salut

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Non-intrusive, wide bandwidth and spatial resolution are terms often heard in electric field sensing. Despite of the fact that conventional electromagnetic field probes (EMF) can exhibit notable functional performances, they fail in terms of perturbation of the E-field due to their loaded metallic structure. In addition, even though electro-optical technology offers an alternative, it requires large interaction lenghts which severely limit the sensing performances in terms of bandwidth and spatial resolution. Here, we focus on miniaturizing the interaction volume, photon lifetime and device footprint by taking advantage of the combination of lithium niobate (LN), Lab-on-Fiber technologies and photonic crystals (PhC). We demonstrate the operation of an all-dielectric E-field sensor whose ultra-compact footprint is inscribed in a 125 μm-diameter circle with an interaction area smaller than 19 μm × 19 μm and light propagation length of 700 nm. This submicrometer length provides outstanding bandwidth flatness, in addition to be promising for frequency detection beyond the THz. Moreover, the minituarization also provides unique features such as spatial resolution under 10 μm and minimal perturbation to the E-field, accompanied by great linearity with respect to the E-field strength. All these specifications, summarized to the high versatibility of Lab-on-Fiber technology, lead to a revolutionary and novel fibered E-field sensor which can be adapted to a broad range of applications in the fields of telecommunications, health and military.

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“…With the rapid development of the electric power industry, the electromagnetic (EM) field has a great impact on our lives and the development of society. The influence of the EM field has aroused extensive attention, especially in the area of communication, aerospace, national defense, electric power [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. An intense pulsed electric field may cause temporary failures or permanent damage to electronic equipment and systems, such as radar, navigation and computer [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Analysis of Broadband LiNbO3 Optical Waveguide Electric Field Sensor with Tapered Antenna

Zhang

2021

Sensors

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The three-dimensional (3D) simulation model of a lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) optical waveguide (OWG) electric field sensor has been established by using the full-wave electromagnetic simulation software. The influences of the LN substrate and the packaging material on the resonance frequency of the integrated OWG electric field sensor have been simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show that the thickness of the LN substrate has a great influence on the resonant frequency of the sensor (≈33.4%). A sensor with a substrate thickness of 1 mm has been designed, fabricated, and experimentally investigated. Experimental results indicate that the measured resonance frequency is 7.5 GHz, which nearly coincides with the simulation results. Moreover, the sensor can be used for the measurement of the nanosecond electromagnetic impulse (NEMP) in the time domain from 1.29 kV/m to 100.97 kV/m.

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Novel Electric Field Sensing Scheme Using Integrated Optics LiNbO3 Unbalanced Mach–Zehnder Interferometers and Optical Delay-Modulation

Cited by 22 publications

References 30 publications

Experimental investigation on the unbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer on lithium niobate thin film

Experimental investigation on the unbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer on lithium niobate thin film

An ultra wideband-high spatial resolution-compact electric field sensor based on Lab-on-Fiber technology

Design and Analysis of Broadband LiNbO3 Optical Waveguide Electric Field Sensor with Tapered Antenna

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