Novel drug delivery approaches on antiviral and antiretroviral agents

Abstract

Viruses have the property to replicate very fast in host cell. It can attack any part of host cell. Therefore, the clinical efficacy of antiviral drugs and its bioavailability is more important concern taken into account to treat viral infections. The oral and parenteral routes of drug administration have several shortcomings, however, which could lead to the search for formulating better delivery systems. Now, a day's novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) proved to be a better approach to enhance the effectiveness of the antivirals and improve the patient compliance and decrease the adverse effect. The NDDS have reduced the dosing frequency and shorten the duration of treatment, thus, which could lead the treatment more cost-effective. The development of NDDS for antiviral and antiretroviral therapy aims to deliver the drug devoid of toxicity, with high compatibility and biodegradability, targeting the drug to specific sites for viral infection and in some instances it also avoid the first pass metabolism effect. This article aims to discuss the usefulness of novel delivery approaches of antiviral agents such as niosomes, microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles that are used in the treatment of various Herpes viruses and in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections.

Advanced Nanomatericals for Solar Photocatalysis

“…They reported an increase in photocatalytic activity with increasing calcination temperature, reaction temperature, and catalytic amount up to a certain extent, after which the activity decreases. Similar effects were also reported by Pawar et al [175] for α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles synthesized by a sol-gel technique followed by the heat treatment at different calcination temperatures. The efficiency of the catalyst was analyzed with respect to various experimental variables such as calcination temperature, pH, light intensity, and concentration of dye and catalyst.…”

Antimicrobial Activity of Biocompatible Microemulsions Against Aspergillus niger and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2

“…The light microscopy images were taken from the samples prepared as illustrated by Sharma and Tribathi (14), while the SEM images of the samples were produced as explained by Zhang et al (6). …”

Advances in Antiviral Delivery Systems and Chitosan-Based Polymeric and Nanoparticulate Antivirals and Antiviral Carriers

“…Viruses cannot reproduce by themselves. They are small (commonly ranging from 20 to 30 nm), obligate intracellular parasites consisting of either double- or single-stranded DNA or RNA as their genetic material, enclosed in an outer shell of a protein called a capsid [ 1 , 6 ]. The virus attaches itself via the glycoproteins on the envelope to the receptor/co-receptor molecules on the host cell membrane, injecting its genetic material into the host cell cytosol.…”

“…An approach oriented toward the development of novel drug delivery systems can be used to achieve efficacious therapy by improving the design, formulation, and delivery of existing antiviral agents. Innovative dosage forms help to decrease toxicity and dosage and may enhance the stability, specificity, and efficiency of antivirals [ 6 ]. Sharma et al and Durai [ 6 , 7 ], in their review papers, discussed the different approaches to drug delivery of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs.…”

“…Innovative dosage forms help to decrease toxicity and dosage and may enhance the stability, specificity, and efficiency of antivirals [ 6 ]. Sharma et al and Durai [ 6 , 7 ], in their review papers, discussed the different approaches to drug delivery of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs. Currently, among the most frequently studied systems for antiviral drug delivery are the following: modified-release forms such as depot tablets, multi-unit particulate system tablets [ 8 ], floating systems, implants [ 9 ], films, micro- and nanoemulsions, and drug carriers such as lipid nanoparticles (NPs) as liposomes [ 10 ] or ethosomes [ 11 ], solid lipid NPs [ 12 ], carbon-based NPs [ 13 ] and polymeric NPs [ 14 ].…”