Novel DNA markers for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective discrimination of the continental origin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Abstract

2005. Novel DNA markers for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective discrimination of the continental origin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). e ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62: 1609e1616.Salmon from geographically representative rivers in North America and Europe were typed for variation at the microsatellite locus SS1 and the mitochondrial DNA ND-1 restriction site 3971, using PCR amplification and agarose-gel electrophoresis. North American salmon showed near-fixation for SS1 alleles between 129 and 135 bp in length and the N mtDNA restriction type, while European salmon near-fixation for SS1 alleles between 183 and 219 bp and the A/D mtDNA type. Based on the observed variant frequencies, using these two markers in combination is predicted to give correct assignment of O99.5% of salmon to continent-of-origin. As both these continental markers can be screened by agarose-gel electrophoresis, their use offers a more rapid, cheaper, and simpler method for accurate assignment of Atlantic salmon to continent-of-origin than do existing methods. These markers can be applied to the identification of salmon in North Atlantic high-seas fisheries, in aquaculture stocks, and in rivers to determine the continent-of-origin of fish-farm escapes.Crown

Detection of European ancestry in escaped farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the Magaguadavic River and Chamcook Stream, New Brunswick, Canada

“…European-type nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variants have been observed in salmon populations from eastern Newfoundland (Gilbey et al, 2005), likely reflecting low-level post-glacial gene flow during early colonization . However, this explanation is unlikely here for two reasons.…”

“…In New Brunswick, local farmed salmon strains are mostly derived from fish from the province's St John River, which have undergone fewer generations of domestic selection than the commercial Norwegian strains and exhibit rates of growth intermediate between two local wild populations tested (Lawlor, 2003). Second, except for a few isolated populations in Newfoundland and Russia, salmon from the two continents appear highly distinct genetically (Cutler et al, 1991;Taggart et al, 1995;Verspoor and McCarthy, 1997;King et al, 2001;Nilsson et al, 2001;Gilbey et al, 2005). In fact, analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence indicate that most salmon from Europe and North America may have been reproductively isolated nearly one million years (Nilsson et al, 2001).…”

Half a century of genetic interaction between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon: Status of knowledge and unanswered questions

“…This is conditioned by the evolutionary relationships among populations (Dillane et al, 2008;Dionne, Caron, Dodson, & Bernatchez, 2008;Perrier, Guyomard, Bagliniere, & Evanno, 2011) and adaptive responses to historical and contemporary environmental differences (Garcia de Leaniz et al, 2007;Taylor, 1991). The largest genetic differences are observed between populations residing on different continents (Gilbey, Knox, O'Sullivan, & Verspoor, 2005;Taggart, Verspoor, Galvin, Moran, & Ferguson, 1995;Tonteri, Veselov, Zubchenko, Lumme, & Primmer, 2009), where chromosomenumber differences are also observed (Brenna-Hansen et al, 2012;Lubieniecki et al, 2010). Within continents and smaller geographic regions, population genetic structuring is often, but not always, a function of isolation by distance (Dillane et al, 2007;Glover et al, 2012;Perrier et al, 2011), but is modified by various factors such as colonization history and landscape features (Dillane et al, 2008).…”

Population genetic analysis reveals a geographically limited transition zone between two genetically distinct Atlantic salmon lineages in Norway

“…Beyond the general conclusion that there is a high level of fine scale structuring, often to the tributary level (King, Eackles, & Letcher, 2005), in general, the genetic relationship among populations follows a hierarchical pattern. The largest genetic differences have been observed between populations inhabiting rivers on the east and west sides of the Atlantic (Gilbey, Knox, O'Sullivan, & Verspoor, 2005;Rougemont & Bernatchez, 2018;Taggart, Verspoor, Galvin, Moran, & Ferguson, 1995) and the smallest within rivers (King et al, 2005). At the extreme, salmon native to the American and European continents, show differences in chromosome number (Brenna-Hansen et al, 2012;Lubieniecki et al, 2010).…”