Novel Development of Nanoparticles—A Promising Direction for Precise Tumor Management

Abstract

Although the clinical application of nanoparticles is still limited by biological barriers and distribution, with the deepening of our understanding of nanoparticles over the past decades, people are gradually breaking through the previous limitations in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, providing novel strategies for clinical decision makers. The transition of nanoparticles from passive targeting to active tumor-targeting by abundant surface-modified nanoparticles is also a development process of precision cancer treatment. Different particles can be used as targeted delivery tools of antitumor drugs. The mechanism of gold nanoparticles inducing apoptosis and cycle arrest of tumor cells has been discovered. Moreover, the unique photothermal effect of gold nanoparticles may be widely used in tumor therapy in the future, with less side effects on surrounding tissues. Lipid-based nanoparticles are expected to overcome the blood–brain barrier due to their special characteristics, while polymer-based nanoparticles show better biocompatibility and lower toxicity. In this paper, we discuss the development of nanoparticles in tumor therapy and the challenges that need to be addressed.

Cell‐Based Biomaterials for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Prevention and Therapy

“…In addition, cell membranes are favored for designing biomimetic nanoparticles, assisting exogenous nanoparticles in escaping immune clearance or functioning as nanodecoys/nanosponges for neutralizing pathogens/harmful molecules. [73,97,98] To fabricate cell membrane-based biomaterials, membranes must first be obtained from a suitable source. For primary cells such as RBCs, platelets and immune cells, the availability of existing blood resource banks makes it feasible to obtain blood from commercial sources.…”

“…In addition, cell membranes are favored for designing biomimetic nanoparticles, assisting exogenous nanoparticles in escaping immune clearance or functioning as nanodecoys/nanosponges for neutralizing pathogens/harmful molecules. [ 73,97,98 ]…”

Passing of Nanocarriers across the Histohematic Barriers: Current Approaches for Tumor Theranostics

“…Nanoparticle-based systems in recent decades have been employed for tumor diagnostics and therapy (i.e., theranostics) [ 1 ]. However, although numerous approaches have been followed to enhance the retention of nanocarriers in the tumor site, few have shown significant success, as the tumor harbors a vascular barrier system (blood–tumor barrier (BTB)) that limits the passage of agents from the bloodstream into the tumor parenchyma [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

pH/Thermal Dual-Sensitive Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite Based on Pluronic and Carboxymethyl Chitosan for In Situ Injection and Enhanced Chemo-Photothermal Antitumor Effect

“…To overcome the disadvantages of traditional chemotherapy or PTT, various nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS) have been utilized for the delivery of antitumor drugs and/or photothermal agents. − NDDS can simultaneously encapsulate a variety of chemotherapy or photothermal agents and effectively solve the challenges of inferior solubility and stability, as well as the poor pharmacokinetics properties . In addition, surface modification of NDDS can significantly improve its delivery fate in vivo and enhance the specific distribution of drugs in tumors through passive and/or active targeting. ,, However, intravenous injection of nanodrug delivery systems is prone to problems such as premature drug release, asynchronous targeting, dose limitation, and immunotoxicity of carrier materials. , …”