Novel design and optimization of S band patch antenna for space application by using a gravitational search algorithm

Design and optimization of triangular microstrip patch antenna using extreme learning machine (ELM)‐based improved Crystal Structure Algorithm (CryStAl) for C‐band application

“…And also the directivity is an important evaluation for verifying the performance of the improved antenna for many antennas. The ratio of the radiation intensity to an isotropic radiator is denoted as directivity, and it is shown in Equation (17).…”

“…Their design parameters are fine‐tuned by using the opposition‐based learning approach with the Shark Smell optimization algorithm. For space applications, Zafrane et al17 have designed S‐band patch antenna with multidisciplinary design optimization including their vibration and cost with rectangular and circular‐polarized configurations. The performance parameters of this proposed S‐band patch antenna are enhanced by using the Gravitational Search optimization algorithm.…”