Novel derivatives of usnic acid effectively inhibiting reproduction of influenza A virus

Usnic acid biological activity: history, evaluation and usage

“…Joseph et al studied the expression rates of 542 genes associated with the mitochondrion structure and liver functioning in female rats. 17,18 A significant effect on the expression of several genes was induced by UA only at the dose 600μg/mL It was observed that a significant upregulation of genes associated with complexes (I) through (IV) in the electron transport chain resulted from UA. 19 …”

“…3 In a previous study the researchers reported the inhibitor efficacy of usnic acid against the pathogenic protozoan Trichornonas vaginalis at reasonably low concentrations (0.4μg/mL) than metronidazole (0.6μg/mL). 18 The second study reported "leishmanicidal properties both in vitro and in vivo", intraregional administration of UA reduces in lesion weight and parasite body load. 29 In another study the influence of various doses of (+) UA on the growth of trypanosomes (the epimastigote form), with UA at higher levels, 40 or 80 μg/mL, caused lysis of parasite kinetoplasts and mitochondria without causing fundamental damage of host cells.…”

“…[44][45][46][47] Another study showed good efficacy of UA on influenza A, where anti-influenza activity of native (-)-UA is four times higher than the one of its (+)-counterpart, while activity of newly synthesized derivatives of (+)-UA appeared equal or higher than their (-)-UA counterpart, this confirmed that antiviral activity of usnic acid derivatives can be improved by side moieties introduction, where the modification with chalcones appeared to be the most effective. 18 …”

Simultaneous determination of usnic, diffractaic, evernic and barbatic acids in rat plasma by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies

“…It also can be used for treatment of human leg and loin injuries, bone fractures and female disease (Aalto‐Korte, Lauerma, & Alanko, ; Guo et al, ; Hager, Brunauer, Turk, & Stocker‐Worgotter, ), and ulcers (Cabanillas, Fernandez‐Redondo, & Toribio, ; Halici et al, ). Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that Usnea plants and bioactive secondary metabolites exert a wide variety of biological functions, including antibacterial and antimycobacterial, especially to the tubercle bacillus and Gram‐positive bacteria (Honda et al, ; Ramos & Almeida, ), antipyretic, analgesic (Okuyama, Umeyama, Yamazaki, Kinoshita, & Yamamoto, ), anti‐inflammatory (Vijayakumar et al, ), antiprotozoal, apoptosis‐inducing and antitumour (Backorova et al, ; Singh, Nambiar, Kale, & Singh, ), antiviral (Shtro et al, ; Sokolov et al, ), wound healing promotion (Bruno et al, ; Burlando et al, ), photoprotective activity (Lohezic‐Le, Legouin, Couteau, Boustie, & Coiffard, ), antioxidant enzyme activity and mucosal damage (Bayir et al, ; Halici et al, ; Rabelo et al, ; Vijayakumar et al, ).…”

Hepatic toxicity caused by PLGA-microspheres containing usnic acid from the lichen C ladonia substellata (AHTI) during pregnancy in Wistar rats

“…MARINHO et al al. 2013), antitumoral (Santos et al 2006, Burlando et al 2009), antiviral (Sokolov et al 2012, Shtro et al 2014, anti-inflammatory (Vijayakumar et al 2000, Su et al 2014, antioxidant (Behera et al 2012, Suwalsky et al 2015, wound healing properties (Nunes et al 2011, Bruno et al 2013, antifungal (Halama and Van 2004, Nithyanand et al 2015, insecticide and larvicide (Sahib et al 2008, Bomfim et al 2009). …”