Novel cotton cellulose by cationization during mercerization—part 2: the interface phenomena

Effect of polyester blends in hydroentangled raw and bleached cotton nonwoven fabrics on the adsorption of alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride

“…21 Similarly, the adsorption of anionic surfactants is enhanced by the cationization of cotton. 25 In addition to this chemical structure effect, fiber swelling also plays an important role in lowering the zeta potential by shifting the shear plane into the liquid phase. 24 Mercerization, which increases the accessible area by swelling the microfibrillar structure of cotton fiber, results in better adsorption of the cationic surfactant.…”

Salt-free reactive dyeing of cotton hosiery fabrics by exhaust application of cationic agent

“…Exhaustion step is achieved by using salt, preferably Glauber's salt (Na2SO4) or common salt (NaCl) to overcome the negative zeta potential of cotton and by salting out of dyes (Ristic, 2012;Tarbuk, Grancaric, & Leskovac, 2014). The exhausted dyes are fixed to the cotton fabric by using alkalies such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3).…”

“…Among those efforts, the most promising method to reduce salt consumption in reactive dyeing process is to chemically modify cotton by introducing cationic sites on the fibre using cationic agents, thereby increasing the substantivity and reactivity of fibres towards reactive dyes (Fang, Zhang, & Sun, 2013;Micheal, Tera, & Ibrahim, 2002;Tarbuk, Grancaric, & Leskovac, 2014;Wang, Ma, Zhang, Teng, & Yang, 2009;Zheng, Yuan, Wang, & Sun, 2012). Several researchers have investigated the effect of cationization on the colour strength, dyeing and fastness properties of cotton fabric dyed with reactive dyes using various cationic agents and these cationic agents can be grouped into a polymer, non-polymer based agents and commercial agents such as polyamide-epichlorohydrin type of polymers, dendritic polymers, biopolymers like chitosan, starch & their derivatives, keratin hydrolysate and chicken feather, poly-(4-vinylpyridine) quaternary ammonium compounds, glycidyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride (Glytac), epichlorohydrin based quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorotriazine type quaternary compounds, choline chloride, Nmethylolacrylamide, N,N'-dimethylazetidinium chloride, 2,4-dichloro-6-(2-pyridino-ethylamino)-s-triazine (Ali, Saleem, Umbreen, & Hussain, 2009;Arivithamani, Agnes Mary, Senthil Kumar, & Giri Dev, 2014;Chattopadhyay, 2001;Kim and Choi, 2014;Kitkulnumchai, Ajavakom, & Sukwattanasinitt, 2008;Pal, Mal, & Singh, 2005;Shin and Yoo, 1997;Tutak, 2011;Wang and Liu, 2014).…”

“…Several researchers have investigated the effect of cationization on the colour strength, dyeing and fastness properties of cotton fabric dyed with reactive dyes using various cationic agents and these cationic agents can be grouped into a polymer, non-polymer based agents and commercial agents such as polyamide-epichlorohydrin type of polymers, dendritic polymers, biopolymers like chitosan, starch & their derivatives, keratin hydrolysate and chicken feather, poly-(4-vinylpyridine) quaternary ammonium compounds, glycidyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride (Glytac), epichlorohydrin based quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorotriazine type quaternary compounds, choline chloride, Nmethylolacrylamide, N,N'-dimethylazetidinium chloride, 2,4-dichloro-6-(2-pyridino-ethylamino)-s-triazine (Ali, Saleem, Umbreen, & Hussain, 2009;Arivithamani, Agnes Mary, Senthil Kumar, & Giri Dev, 2014;Chattopadhyay, 2001;Kim and Choi, 2014;Kitkulnumchai, Ajavakom, & Sukwattanasinitt, 2008;Pal, Mal, & Singh, 2005;Shin and Yoo, 1997;Tutak, 2011;Wang and Liu, 2014). Among all the agents 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) has been most preferred cationic agent in a last decade for cationization of cotton (Fu, Hinks, Hauser, & Ankeny, 2013;Hashem, Hauser, & Smith, 2003;Hauser and Tabba, 2001;Hauser, Smith, & Hashem, 2004;Tarbuk, Grancaric, & Leskovac, 2014).…”

“…However, the CPB method is not successful for producing all the variety of shades as the CC fabric showed tone variation at the end of the dyeing process and the repeatability of the shade or depth was not being achieved. Secondly, the CPB process takes 18-24 h dwell time for fixation of the padded cationic agent onto the cotton fabric (Acharya, Abidi, &Rajbhandari, 2014;Hashem, 2006Hashem, , 2007Hauser and Tabba, 2001;Kanik and Hauser, 2004;Tarbuk, Grancaric, & Leskovac, 2014). The modification of cotton by padding process and subsequent dyeing of cotton by exhaust method are complicated and increase the dyeing cycle time.…”