Novel concepts for preparation of reference materials as whole water samples for priority substances at nanogram-per-liter level using model suspended particulate matter and humic acids

Elordui-Zapatarietxe, Saioa; Fettig, Ina; Philipp, Rosemarie; Gantois, Fanny; Lalere, Béatrice; Swart, Claudia; Petrov, Panayot; Goenaga‐Infante, Heidi; Vanermen, Guido; Boom, Gerard; Emteborg, Håkan

doi:10.1007/s00216-014-8349-8

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Long-term stability (LTS) studies provide information about suitable storage conditions of an RM, and STS information allows establishing the necessary dispatch conditions. As previously reported by Elordui-Zapatarietxe et al [11], a significant degradation of PAHs and TBT in cirradiated samples took place when stored at 60°C for 4 weeks. Such a high temperature is typically applied to check for analyte stability at the maximum temperature that is anticipated to prevail during shipment.…”

Section: Stability Studiessupporting

confidence: 81%

“…one per analyte group (PAHs, PBDEs and TBT), using natural mineral water and model SPM incorporating tenaciously bound priority substances. The preparation method of the test materials, origin and characterization of the model SPM has been described in detail elsewhere [11]. In another paper, Elordui-Zapatarietxe et al [17] also investigated the analyte-bottle interactions before the preparation of such test materials.…”

Section: Developed Test Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where u bb is the contribution from between-bottle heterogeneity, u sts is the uncertainty arising from the short-term stability (STS), and u char is the uncertainty related to the characterization of the model SPM [11]. A combined relative expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of \25 % of the estimated mass concentration was considered achievable but challenging, considering the low concentrations of the priority substances.…”

Section: Developed Test Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a dedicated project (ENV08) of the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP), several whole water test materials for PAHs, PBDEs and TBT at low ng L -1 were developed as described by Elordui-Zapatarietxe et al [11]. At the end of the project, these materials were used in two inter-laboratory comparisons (ILCs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and evaluation of sufficiently homogeneous and stable reference materials for priority hazardous substances in whole water

et al. 2016

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We have prepared and evaluated three whole water test materials containing eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), six polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tributyltin (TBT) with respect to homogeneity and short-term stability. The test materials were used as samples in two inter-laboratory comparisons. The materials were composed of natural mineral water and model suspended particulate matter (SPM) containing the target compounds at ng L -1 levels. The expanded uncertainty of the estimated mass concentrations in the final test materials was obtained by combining contributions from the homogeneity, the stability and the model SPM characterization. The whole water materials were sufficiently homogeneous and stable at 4°C for their intended use. In total, 12 out of 15 investigated target parameters could be assessed to be present with a relative combined expanded uncertainty below 25 %. The outcome of the two interlaboratory comparisons confirmed the good quality of the test materials and the level of uncertainties associated with the estimated mass concentrations. These findings are an important contribution towards the development of whole water matrix reference materials certified for PAH, PBDE and TBT in support of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union.

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Section: Stability Studiessupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Developed Test Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Developed Test Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and evaluation of sufficiently homogeneous and stable reference materials for priority hazardous substances in whole water

et al. 2016

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“…The aim was to prepare different fit-forpurpose and ready-to-use materials for investigating the dissolved phase and the suspended particulate matter (SPM) separately and thereafter to combine both phases trying to mimic ''whole water'' as close as possible. The novel concepts developed for the preparation of water reference materials in this project were recently presented in detail by Elordui-Zapatarietxe et al [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of 15 priority substances for water monitoring at ng L−1 levels with glass, aluminium and fluorinated polyethylene bottles for the containment of water reference materials

et al. 2015

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Certified water reference materials are currently not available for most of the hydrophobic organic pollutants listed in the EU Water Framework Directive. To find the most suitable container type for subsequent reference material productions, feasibility studies for the preparation of waters with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tributyltin (TBT) close to environmental quality standards in water have been performed. Due to the hydrophobic nature of these compounds and their tendency to adsorb onto container walls, an adequate selection of the most appropriate material for containment, storage and transport of water reference materials is crucial. Three different materials (aluminium, amber glass and fluorinated polyethylene, FPE) and three volumes (500/600 mL, 1000/1200 mL and 2000/3000 mL, depending on commercial availability) were tested at ng L -1 level of the target compounds. FPE shows by far the highest loss of analytes due to adsorption onto the container walls for all compounds studied. Aluminium and glass are equally suited for PAHs and PBDEs, but aluminium is unsuitable as container material for TBT due to acid cleaning requirements. The volume of the containers had no dramatic effect on the adsorption behaviour of target compounds for the different volumes tested.

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Preparation of a reference material for microplastics in water—evaluation of homogeneity

et al. 2021

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Validation of analytical methods for measurements of microplastics (MP) is severely hampered because of a general lack of reference materials, RM. There is a great need to develop such reference materials. This study presents a concept of three-component kit with immobilised MP in solid NaCl, a surfactant and clean water that can be applied for the production of many types of MP RMs. As proof of concept, an RM for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles in water was prepared and evaluated for its homogeneity. The particles ranged from 30 μm (Feretmin) to about 200 μm adapted by wet sieving. A specific number of PET particles were immobilized in about 0.29 g of solid NaCl by freeze-drying 1 mL of a NaCl suspension. By using manual and automated counting, twenty reconstituted 1-L water samples were evaluated for homogeneity with respect to number of PET particles from 30 μm to > 200 μm/L of water. The number of particles was 730 ± 120 (mean ± one standard deviation (SD); n = 10) and 865 ± 155 particles (n = 10) obtained by optical microscopy in two independent laboratories. This corresponded to relative SDs of 16.4 and 17.9% and a mean of 797 ± 151 particles (18.9% RSD, for n = 20). Homogeneity studies of the NaCl carrier without reconstitution resulted in 794 ± 60 particles (7.5% RSD). The homogeneity of PET in the salt carrier was also evaluated directly with respect to mass of PET per vial using an ultra-micro balance. An average mass of 293 ± 41 μg of PET was obtained (14, % RSD for n = 14). Micrographs were recorded to demonstrate the absence of major sources of contamination of the RM components. Information about the particle size distribution and particle shapes was obtained by laser diffraction (LD) and dynamic image analysis (DIA). In addition, the identity of the PET polymer was confirmed by Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. The RM was developed for a large-scale inter-laboratory comparison of PET particles in water (ILC). Based on the homogeneity results, the material was found to be sufficiently homogeneous to be of meaningful use in the ILC. In a 3-day process, more than 500 samples of PET particles in the NaCl carrier were prepared with good potential for further upscaling with respect to the number of vials or with other kinds of polymers. The stability of PET was not evaluated but it was deemed to be stable for the duration of the ILC.

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Novel concepts for preparation of reference materials as whole water samples for priority substances at nanogram-per-liter level using model suspended particulate matter and humic acids

Cited by 16 publications

References 31 publications

Preparation and evaluation of sufficiently homogeneous and stable reference materials for priority hazardous substances in whole water

Preparation and evaluation of sufficiently homogeneous and stable reference materials for priority hazardous substances in whole water

Interaction of 15 priority substances for water monitoring at ng L−1 levels with glass, aluminium and fluorinated polyethylene bottles for the containment of water reference materials

Preparation of a reference material for microplastics in water—evaluation of homogeneity

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