Novel circovirus species identified in farmed pigs designated as
            <i>Porcine circovirus</i>
            4, Hunan province, China

Zhang, Huihui; Hu, Wen-Qin; Li, Jieyu; Liu, Tian-Ning; Zhou, Jiyong; Opriessnig, Tanja; Xiao, Chao-Ting

doi:10.1111/tbed.13446

Cited by 199 publications

(314 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…genomic and phylogenetic relationship with mink circovirus (MiCV) [3]. The pathogenicity of PCV4 remains unclear and to date, no direct relationship between PCV3 and PCV4 has been reported.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genome of PCV4 showed 50.3%, 51.5% and 43.2% nt similarities to PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3 respectively. Most strikingly, aa identities of Cap protein of PCV3 and PCV4 differ by 75.5% [3]. While the conserved nonanucleotide stem loop motif (T/n)A(G/ t)TATTAC representing the origin of replication can be found in all porcine circoviruses, their motif differ.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…While the conserved nonanucleotide stem loop motif (T/n)A(G/ t)TATTAC representing the origin of replication can be found in all porcine circoviruses, their motif differ. PCV1 and PCV3 have an identical motif of TAGTATTAC [4,9,14] whereas the motif on PCV4 rep gene was shown to be CAGTATTAC [3]. PCV2 has a nonamer sequence unique among circovirus species-AAGTATTAC [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, PCV2 is associated with a group of complex multi-factorial diseases classified under the umbrella term of Porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD) [2]. The novel detection of PCV4 was described in a herd with severe clinical signs of respiratory disease, enteritis and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First molecular detection and complete sequence analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in Peninsular Malaysia

et al. 2020

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Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging virus in the swine industry, first reported recently in 2016. PCV3 assembles into a 2000 bp circular genome; slightly larger than PCV1 (1758-1760 bp), PCV2 (1766-1769 bp) and PCV4 (1770 bp). Apart from being associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), PCV3 has been isolated from pigs with clinical signs of reproductive failures, myocarditis, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and neurologic disease. Given that PCV3 is increasingly reported in countries including Thailand and U.S. with whom Malaysia shares trade and geographical relationship; and that PCV3 is associated with several clinical presentations that affect productivity, there is a need to study the presence and molecular characteristics of PCV3 in Malaysian swine farms. Twenty-four commercial swine farms, three abattoirs and retail shops in Peninsular Malaysia were sampled using convenience sampling method. A total of 281 samples from 141 pigs, including 49 lung archive samples were tested for PCV3 by conventional PCR. Twenty-eight lung samples from wild boar population in Peninsular Malaysia were also included. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed for maximum likelihood phylogeny relationship and pairwise distances. Results revealed that PCV3 is present in Peninsular Malaysia at a molecular prevalence of 17.02%, with inguinal lymph nodes and lungs showing the highest molecular detection rates of 81.82% and 71.43% respectively. Despite wide reports of PCV3 in healthy animals and wild boars, no positive samples were detected in clinically healthy finishers and wild boar population of this study. PCV3 strain A1 and A2 were present in Malaysia, and Malaysian PCV3 strains were found to be phylogenetically related to Spanish, U.S. and Mexico strains.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First molecular detection and complete sequence analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in Peninsular Malaysia

et al. 2020

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“…Porcine circovirus (PCV) belongs to the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae. In pigs, four circovirus species within the genus Circovirus have been identified to date, including non-pathogenic porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) [1], the pathogenic porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) [2] and porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) [3], and the recently identified porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) [4]. PCV2 is currently the most studied type of PCV, and its genome contains 11 potential open reading frames (ORFs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a Rep′ protein antibody detection method to distinguish natural infection with PCV2 from subunit vaccine immunization

Chen

Jin

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Introduction. PCV2 is a DNA virus that exists widely in pigs and has caused great economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. In the existing commercial PCV2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits both natural infection with PCV2 and vaccine immunization produce results that are positive for PCV2 Cap antibodies and therefore they cannot diagnose PCV2 infection in immunized pig farms. Aim. To establish a PCV2 non-structural protein antibody detection method that distinguishes between antibodies resulting from natural prior exposure (infection) and those induced by subunit vaccine immunization. Methodology. Based on the non-structural Rep′ protein, we established an indirect ELISA (iELISA) using sera from guinea pigs and piglets. Results. The results for iELISA for guinea pig serum showed that animals vaccinated with a whole-virus inactivated PCV2 vaccine had 100 % (10/10) Cap antibody positivity and 100 % (10/10) Rep′ antibody positivity. Guinea pigs vaccinated with a recombinant subunit PCV2 vaccine had 100 % (10/10) Cap antibody positivity, while no (0/10) guinea pigs were Rep′ antibody-positive. The combined detection results for the Rep′ iELISA and a PCV2 Antibody Test kit (Commercial) showed that pigs vaccinated with a whole-virus inactivated PCV2 vaccine or PCV2 SD/2017 had 100 % (5/5) Cap antibody positivity and 100 % (5/5) Rep′ antibody positivity. Pigs vaccinated with a recombinant subunit PCV2 vaccine had 100 % (5/5) Cap antibody positivity, while no (0/10) pigs were Rep′ antibody-positive. Conclusion. This paper describes an effective iELISA method that can distinguish natural infection with PCV2 (Cap and Rep positive) or inoculation with a whole-virus inactivated vaccine (Cap and Rep positive) from subunit vaccine immunization (Cap-positive, Rep-negative). These comparative assays could be very useful in the control of PCV2 in pig herds.

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Prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 and type 3 in slaughtered pigs and wild boars in Korea

Park,

Kim,

Jeong

et al. 2023

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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BackgroundPorcine circovirus, a non‐enveloped single‐stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, is a major pathogen of porcine circovirus‐associated disease. Porcine circovirus 3, a novel porcine circovirus, has been identified in individuals with clinical symptoms.ObjectivesThe prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine circovirus 3 and the confirmation of diagnosis of this emerging viral disease have not been fully studied yet. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine circovirus 3 in slaughtered pigs and wild boars in Korea between 2018 and 2019.MethodsLungs and hilar lymph nodes of healthy pigs slaughtered in slaughterhouses and captured wild pigs were collected, and viruses were detected by multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction and two staining methods (in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry) to confirm the presence of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine circovirus 3.ResultsPositive rates of porcine circovirus 2 in lungs and hilar lymph nodes were 78.1% (75/96) and 89.5% (86/96) in slaughtered pigs, respectively. They were 18.0% (30/167) and 46.3% (24/55) in wild boars, respectively. Positive rates of porcine circovirus 3 in lungs and hilar lymph nodes were 30.2% (29/96) and 13.5% (13/96) in slaughtered pigs, respectively. They were 4.2% (7/167) and 5.5% (3/55) in wild boars, respectively. At the farm level, positive rates of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine circovirus 3 were 97.9% (47/48) and 54.2% (26/48), respectively. Positive rates of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine circovirus 3 decreased in spring. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine circovirus 3 in lungs, but not porcine circovirus 3 in the hilar lymph nodes.ConclusionThese results suggest that the prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine circovirus 3 might vary depending on the season and the type of sample. Wild boars might play a role in the epidemiology of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine circovirus 3 in South Korea. Continuous surveillance and further study are needed for this emerging disease.

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Novel circovirus species identified in farmed pigs designated as Porcine circovirus 4, Hunan province, China

Cited by 199 publications

References 16 publications

First molecular detection and complete sequence analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in Peninsular Malaysia

First molecular detection and complete sequence analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in Peninsular Malaysia

Establishment of a Rep′ protein antibody detection method to distinguish natural infection with PCV2 from subunit vaccine immunization

Prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 and type 3 in slaughtered pigs and wild boars in Korea

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