Novel benefits of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors on cardiovascular risk

Abstract

Treatments that activate PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and PPAR-δ alone or in combination have the potential to reduce cardiovascular risk although multiple independent mechanisms. Treatment with PPAR agonists can reduce the burden of atherogenic postprandial lipoproteins and improve vascular function, reduce inflammation and inhibit foam cell formation. All of these would be expected to have favorable effects on cardiovascular risk. The challenge remains to develop compounds that maximize these potential cardiovascular benefits while minimizing undesirable effects of these compounds.

Effects of early exposure to phthalates and bisphenols on cardiometabolic outcomes in pregnancy and childhood

“…PPAR-gamma (PPARγ), expressed predominantly in adipose tissue and to a lesser extent the macrophage and liver, acts as regulator for adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism and reduces inflammation resulting in improved insulin sensitization. [33, 34] However, despite potential benefits, PPARγ agonists have been shown to cause adverse effects regarding increased lipid accumulation and release of adipocyte-related hormones leading to an increased susceptibility for the development of obesity. [35] Several phthalates have been shown to be PPARγ activators, causing obesogenic effects.…”

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma in cardiovascular disorders and cardiovascular surgery

“…Activation of PPARb/d in macrophage foam cells reduced lipoprotein lipase activity, enhanced b-oxidation and FA uptake and also inhibited the very low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines [9]. PPARb/d agonists gained interest as potential drugs for treatment of obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, as they appear to normalize the plasma lipid profile, prevent the formation of foam cells, and reduce the cardiovascular risk, although none of them have been approved for clinical use so far [10].…”

Fenofibrate reduces inflammation in obese patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus via sirtuin 1/fetuin A axis

“…The combination between PPAR-α and PPAR-Ɣ agonists was proved to have a synergistic anti-inflammatory effect and was recommended for use in chronic kidney diseases [19] and to decrease cardiovascular disease risk [20], however, the mechanism of action is not completely elucidated.…”