“…Some fragmentation QM approaches have been proposed for calculations of the excited-state properties of large systems, including the generalized energy-based fragmentation (GEBF) approach developed by Li and coworkers ( Li et al, 2016 ), the divide-and-conquer (D and C) method of Nakai and coworkers ( Yoshikawa et al, 2013 ), the extension of the binary-interaction method ( Hirata et al, 2005 ) of Hirata et al, and the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method of Kitaura and coworkers ( Chiba et al, 2007 ; Nakata et al, 2014 ). Recently, the electrostatically embedded generalized molecular fractionation with conjugate caps (EE-GMFCC) method was developed to calculate the excited-state properties of molecular crystals ( Liu et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ) and fluorescent proteins ( Jin et al, 2020 ) by our group.…”