Novel Antiviral Investigation of Annona squamosa Leaf Extract against the Dengue Virus Type-2: In vitro Study

Abstract

Introduction: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is general mosquito-transmitted viral taint. It can lead to the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue is a solemn illness with no endowed antiviral medication or recognized vaccine. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the activity of Annona squamosa leaf extract (ASLE) against dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) isolated from Surabaya, Indonesia in 2013 (NCBI accession number: KT012509). Methods: In this study, the antiviral activity of ASLE was evaluated against DENV-2 in Vero cells using Viral ToxGlo™ Assay. In addition, we used CellTiter-Glo ® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay to set the amount of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP. Results: DENV-2 replication inhibited by ASLE in Vero cells with IC 50 = 73.78 μg/mL and SI = 4.49 when cells were treated two days after virus infection, whereas its CC 50 for cytotoxicity to Vero cells was 331.54 μg/mL. Interestingly, this is the first report on the investigation of ASLE against DENV-2. Conclusion: In summary, ASLE demonstrated the antiviral activity against DENV-2 with less toxicity, and high possibility as a drug candidate. Therefore, it might be suggested for in vivo assessment in the progress of a potent antiviral against DENV-2.

Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Annona Genus

“…The leaves of A. squamosa extract were also tested against dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) in Vero cells using Viral ToxGLo TM assay. At a concentration of 6.25 µg/mL, DENV-2 replication was reduced with IC 50 73.78 µg/mL in Vero cells [196]. The methanolic extracts from the peels of A. squamosa and A. reticulata demonstrated antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) using a non-radioactive immune/colorimetric assay.…”

Computational Screening of Toxicity, Drug-like Molecule, and Bioactivity from Green Tea Phytochemical as Antiviral Candidate

“…Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites because they can infect cells and hijack the gene expression process in host cells for the replication of viral genetic material 1,2 . The mechanism of the viral life cycle is generally divided into three stages such as viral entry, genome replication, budding, and release 3,4 . Virus replication begins with viral entry through an attachment mechanism with target receptors on the surface of the host cell, then the virus penetrates to the cytoplasm and carries out the genome replication stage 5,6 .…”