Novel Anti-Tuberculosis Nanodelivery Formulation of Ethambutol with Graphene Oxide

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease responsible for millions of infections and preventable deaths each year. Its treatment is complicated by patients’ noncompliance due to dosing frequency, lengthy treatment, and adverse side effects associated with current chemotherapy. However, no modifications to the half-a-century old standard chemotherapy have been made based on a nanoformulation strategy to improve pharmacokinetic efficacy. In this study, we have designed a new nanodelivery formulation, using graphene oxide as the nanocarrier, loaded with the anti-TB antibiotic, ethambutol. The designed formulation was characterized using a number of molecular analytical techniques. It was found that sustained release of the drug resulted in better bioavailability. In addition, the designed formulation demonstrated high biocompatibility with mouse fibroblast cells. The anti-TB activity of the nanodelivery formulation was determined using whole-cell resazurin microtiter plate assay, modified-spot culture growth inhibition assay, and biofilm inhibition assay. The nanodelivery formulation showed good anti-mycobacterial activity. The anti-mycobacterial activity of Ethambutol was unaffected by the drug loading and release process. The results of this study demonstrated the potential of this new nanodelivery formulation strategy to be considered for modifying existing chemotherapy to yield more efficacious antibiotic treatment against TB.

Carbon Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Water and Environmental Remediation

“…It is believed that nickel ion sorption mainly occurs at the sites of energy with modified nanocomposites of MWCNTs and the nano-modification leads to a 20% increase in the adsorption capacity at small (up to 0.1 mol/l) equilibrium adsorbate concentrations. Another modification reported for MWCNTs is their functionalization with hydroxyquinoline and their application for the removal of copper, lead, cadmium, and other toxic ions [122]. The carbon nanotubes alone as well as in their oxidized and in their composite forms have tremendous ability to adsorb the heavy metal ions, and a lot of research is in progress for their applications in purification of water.…”

Graphene Oxide–PEG–Protocatechuic Acid Nanocomposite Formulation with Improved Anticancer Properties

“…Nanomedicine has encompassed the advanced medical diagnostics, drug manufacturing, and drug delivery systems. Simultaneous disease detection and therapy or the so-called theranostic studies are also made possible with the advancement of nanomedicine [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Drug delivery is the key area of nanomedicine, and it is the subject of rapid growth and advancement due to its vital role in the minimization of the adverse side effects of drugs, improvements in therapeutic efficacy, and prolonged bioavailabilty [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Improved Anticancer Effect of Magnetite Nanocomposite Formulation of GALLIC Acid (Fe3O4-PEG-GA) Against Lung, Breast and Colon Cancer Cells

“…Significant impact has been made by the application of nanotechnology in medicine for theranostic agents development which can diagnose and cure the diseases simultaneously [ 13 , 14 ]. Variety of nanocarriers have been designed and successfully applied for the delivery of the therapeutic agents such as graphene oxide, polymers-based delivery systems, layered double hydroxides, gold nanoparticles, multifunctional nanoparticles and iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles [ 8 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Polymer coated iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ) have received much of the attention as the novel cancer therapeutics vectors because of their unique properties such as ease of preparation, easily scalable production, sustained release properties, high encapsulation capacity, biocompatibility with normal cells and tissues, easier surface modification and stable magnetic nature [ 9 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”